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Scholarly Editing

The Annual of the Association for Documentary Editing

2015, Volume 36

Satire in Circulation: James Russell Lowell's "LETTER FROM A VOLUNTEER IN SALTILLO"

Edited by Todd Thompson and Jessica Showalter
Current Witness: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.

Page Images for this Witness:

green text = presence of punctuation variancered text = presence of substantive varianceblue text = presence of orthographic varianceorange text = presence of formatting alteration

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Substantive Variance

LETTER FROM A VOLUNTEER.
IN SALTILLO.WITNESS: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.
LATE FROM MEXICO.
From the Boston Courier.
LETTER FROM A VOLUNTEER IN SALTILLO.WITNESS: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.
LETTER FROM A VOLUNTEER,
IN SALTILLO.WITNESS: Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.
Poetry.
From the Boston Courier.
LETTER FROM A VOLUNTEER
IN SALTILLO.WITNESS: Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.
Miscellaneous.
From the Boston Courier.
FROM A VOLUNTEER, IN SALTILLO.WITNESS: New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.
SEEN THE ELEPHANT.WITNESS: Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.SELECT POETRY.
SOGERING IN MEXICO.WITNESS: Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
No. II.
A LETTER
FROM MR. HOSEA BIGLOW TO THE HON. J. T. BUCKINGHAM, EDITOR OF THE BOSTON COURIER, COVERING A LETTER FROM MR. B. SAWIN, PRIVATE IN THE MASSACHUSETTS REGIMENT.WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.

[THIS letter of Mr. Sawin's was not originally written in verse. Mr. Biglow, thinking it peculiarly susceptible of metrical adornment, translated it, so to speak, into his own vernacular tongue. This is not the time to consider the question, whether rhyme be a mode of expression natural to the human race. If leisure from other and more important avocations be granted, I will handle the matter more at large in an appendix to the present volume. In this place I will barely remark, that I have sometimes noticed in the unlanguaged prattlings of infants a fondness for alliteration, assonance, and even rhyme, in which natural predisposition we may trace the three degrees through which our Anglo-Saxon verse rose to its culmination in the poetry of Pope. [1]Alexander Pope (1688–1744), canonical English poet and satirist. I would not be understood as questioning in these remarks that pious theory which supposes that children, if left entirely to themselves, would naturally discourse in Hebrew. For this the authority of one experiment is claimed, and I could, with Sir Thomas Browne, desire its establishment, inasmuch as the acquirement of that sacred tongue would thereby be facilitated. I am aware that Herodotus states the conclusion of Psammiticus to have been in favour of a dialect of the Phrygian. But, beside the chance that a trial of this importance would hardly be blessed to a Pagan monarch whose only motive was curiosity, we have on the Hebrew side the comparatively recent investigation of James the Fourth of Scotland. [2]In this passage, Parson Wilbur refers to several anecdotes in which historical figures theorized about childhood linguistic development. Wilbur mentions Sir Thomas Browne (1605–1682), an English Renaissance figure; Psammiticus (also known as Psamtik I or Psammetichus, ?–610 BC), an Egyptian king included in Herodotus’s Histories; and James IV (1473–1513), king of Scots. I will add to this prefatory remark, that Mr. Sawin, though a native of Jaalam, has never been a stated attendant on the religious exercises of my congregation. I consider my humble efforts prospered in that not one of my sheep hath ever indued the wolf's clothing of war, save for the comparatively innocent diversion of a militia training. Not that my flock are backward to undergo the hardships of defensive warfare. They serve cheerfully in the great army which fights even unto death pro aris et focis, accoutred with the spade, the axe, the plane, the sledge, the spelling-book, and other such effectual weapons against want and ignorance and unthrift. I have taught them (under God) to esteem our human institutions as but tents of a night, to be stricken whenever Truth puts the bugle to her lips and sounds a march to the heights of wider-viewed intelligence and more perfect organization.—H. W.]
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Substantive Variance

It gives us great pleasure to introduce to our readers once more our worthy friend, Hosea Biglow, from somewhere "Down East." The letter from his friend Sawin, is certainly the most valuable document we have yet received from the seat of war, and the running commentary of Hosea enhances its value:WITNESS: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.[Having copied many letters from the army in Mexico, we now add one from a correspondent of the Boston Courier. Without meaning to throw a doubt over his intention to speak the truth, we may say that his own disappointments in dancing and drinking seem to have soured him. For instance, the danger of Col. Wright is charged to the Mexican climate or country, as if it were uncommon. We have known cases in our own happy country where the arrival of the regiment would have been of no avail.]WITNESS: Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.–Some pretended Yankee poet, writing home from Mexico, where he has been, thinks the officers at home and the same officers in Mexico, are just as different as "sodgering in fun" and "in earnest."WITNESS: Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.[THIS letter of Mr. Sawin's was not originally written in verse. Mr. Biglow, thinking it peculiarly susceptible of metrical adornment, translated it, so to speak, into his own vernacular tongue. This is not the time to consider the question, whether rhyme be a mode of expression natural to the human race. If leisure from other and more important avocations be granted, I will handle the matter more at large in an appendix to the present volume. In this place I will barely remark, that I have sometimes noticed in the unlanguaged prattlings of infants a fondness for alliteration, assonance, and even rhyme, in which natural predisposition we may trace the three degrees through which our Anglo-Saxon verse rose to its culmination in the poetry of Pope. [1]Alexander Pope (1688–1744), canonical English poet and satirist. I would not be understood as questioning in these remarks that pious theory which supposes that children, if left entirely to themselves, would naturally discourse in Hebrew. For this the authority of one experiment is claimed, and I could, with Sir Thomas Browne, desire its establishment, inasmuch as the acquirement of that sacred tongue would thereby be facilitated. I am aware that Herodotus states the conclusion of Psammiticus to have been in favour of a dialect of the Phrygian. But, beside the chance that a trial of this importance would hardly be blessed to a Pagan monarch whose only motive was curiosity, we have on the Hebrew side the comparatively recent investigation of James the Fourth of Scotland. [2]In this passage, Parson Wilbur refers to several anecdotes in which historical figures theorized about childhood linguistic development. Wilbur mentions Sir Thomas Browne (1605–1682), an English Renaissance figure; Psammiticus (also known as Psamtik I or Psammetichus, ?–610 BC), an Egyptian king included in Herodotus’s Histories; and James IV (1473–1513), king of Scots. I will add to this prefatory remark, that Mr. Sawin, though a native of Jaalam, has never been a stated attendant on the religious exercises of my congregation. I consider my humble efforts prospered in that not one of my sheep hath ever indued the wolf's clothing of war, save for the comparatively innocent diversion of a militia training. Not that my flock are backward to undergo the hardships of defensive warfare. They serve cheerfully in the great army which fights even unto death pro aris et focis, accoutred with the spade, the axe, the plane, the sledge, the spelling-book, and other such effectual weapons against want and ignorance and unthrift. I have taught them (under God) to esteem our human institutions as but tents of a night, to be stricken whenever Truth puts the bugle to her lips and sounds a march to the heights of wider-viewed intelligence and more perfect organization.—H. W.]WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
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Punctuation Variance

Mister BuckinumWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.MISTER BUCKINUM,WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
[3]Joseph T. Buckingham (1779–1861), editor of the Boston Courier, and according to newspaper historian Frank Luther Mott, "one of the most respected newspaper men in New England." Mott, American Journalism: A History of Newspapers in the United States through 260 Years: 1690 to 1950 (New York: Macmillan, 1950), 262. the
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[3]Joseph T. Buckingham (1779–1861), editor of the Boston Courier, and according to newspaper historian Frank Luther Mott, "one of the most respected newspaper men in New England." Mott, American Journalism: A History of Newspapers in the United States through 260 Years: 1690 to 1950 (New York: Macmillan, 1950), 262. the WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
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Punctuation Variance

follerin'WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.follerinWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
Billet was writ hum by a
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Billet was writ hum by a WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
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Punctuation Variance

Yung,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.YungWITNESSES: Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
feller of our town that wuz cussed fool
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feller of our town that wuz cussed fool WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
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Orthographic Variance

enufWITNESS: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.enuffWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
to goe
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to goe WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
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Punctuation Variance

atrottin'WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.atrottinWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
inter Miss Chiff arter a Drum and fife. it ain't Nater for a feller to let on that he's sick o' any
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inter Miss Chiff arter a Drum and fife. it ain't Nater for a feller to let on that he's sick o' any WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
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Orthographic Variance

bizznessWITNESS: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.bizzinessWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.biznessWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
that He went
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that He went WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
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Orthographic Variance

interWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.intuWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
off his own free will and a
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off his own free will and a WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
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Punctuation Variance

CordWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Cord,WITNESSES: Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
but I rather
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but I rather WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
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Orthographic Variance

calklateWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.cal'lateWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
he's
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he's WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
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Punctuation Variance

middlin'WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.middlinWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
tired o'
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tired o' WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
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Punctuation Variance

voluntearin'WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.voluntearinWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
By this Time. I bleeve
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By this Time. I bleeve WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
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Orthographic Variance

youWITNESS: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.uWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
may put dependunts on his statemence. For
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may put dependunts on his statemence. For WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
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Formatting Alteration

iWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.IWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
never heered
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never heered WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
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Punctuation Variance

nothin'WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.nothinWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
bad on him let Alone his
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bad on him let Alone his WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
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Punctuation Variance

havin'WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.havinWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
what Parson Wilbur cals a
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what Parson Wilbur cals a WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
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Formatting Alteration

pongshongWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.pongshongWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
for cocktales, and he ses it
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for cocktales, and he ses it WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
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Orthographic Variance

wasWITNESS: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.wosWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.wuzWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
a
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a WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
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Orthographic Variance

sociashunWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.soshiashunWITNESSES: New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
of idees sot him
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of idees sot him WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
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Punctuation Variance

agoin'WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.agoinWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
arter the Crootin Sargient cos he wore a cocktale
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arter the Crootin Sargient cos he wore a cocktale WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
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Orthographic Variance

onter His Hatt.WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.onto his hat.WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
his Folks gin the letter to me and i shew it to parson Wilbur and he ses it
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his Folks gin the letter to me and i shew it to parson Wilbur and he ses it WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
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Substantive Variance

oughter toWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.oughterWITNESSES: Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
Bee printed. send It to mister Buckinum, ses he, i don't ollers agree with
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Bee printed. send It to mister Buckinum, ses he, i don't ollers agree with WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
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Formatting Alteration

Him,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.him,WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
ses he, but by Time,
X
ses he, but by Time,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
**In relation to this expression, I cannot but think that Mr. Biglow has been too hasty in attributing it to me. Though Time be a comparatively innocent personage to swear by, and though Longinus in his discourse Περί ϋψους has commended timely oaths as not only a useful but sublime figure of speech, yet I have always kept my lips free from that abomination. Odi profanum vulgus, I hate your swearing and hectoring fellows.—H.W. ses he, I
X
ses he, I WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

doWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.duWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
like a feller
X
like a feller WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Substantive Variance

thatWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.thanWITNESSES: Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.
ain't a Feared.
X
ain't a Feared.WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
I have intusspussed a Few refleckshuns hear and thair. We're
X
I have intusspussed a Few refleckshuns hear and thair. We're WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

kinderWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.kind o'WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
prest with
X
prest with WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

Hayin'WITNESS: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Hayin'.WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Hayin.WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
Ewers respecfly
X
Ewers respecflyWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
HOSEA BIGLOW.
X
HOSEA BIGLOW.WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Formatting Alteration

ThisWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.THISWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
kind o' sogerin'
X
kind o' sogerin' WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

ain'tWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.aintWITNESSES: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
a mite like our October trainin', [4]Annual state militia drill.
X
a mite like our October trainin', [4]Annual state militia drill.WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
X

Substantive Variance

Where aWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.AWITNESSES: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
chap could clear right
X
chap could clear right WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
X

Substantive Variance

outWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.out from thereWITNESSES: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
ef
X
ef WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

itWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.'tWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.tWITNESS: Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
only looked like
X
only looked like WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

rainin',WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.rainin'.WITNESSES: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
X

Substantive Variance

Where theWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.An' th'WITNESSES: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
Cunnles
X
CunnlesWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
X

Substantive Variance

used toWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847., tu, couldWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848., too, couldWITNESS: Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
kiver up their shappoes with bandanners,
X
kiver up their shappoes with bandanners,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

AndWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.An'WITNESSES: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
send the insines skootin'
X
send the insines skootin' WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
X

Substantive Variance

off toWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.toWITNESSES: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
the
X
the WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

barroomWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.bar-roomWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.bar roomWITNESS: Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
with their banners,
X
with their banners,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
(Fear o'
X
(Fear o' WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

gittinWITNESSES: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.gittin'WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
on 'em
X
on 'em WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

spotted,)WITNESSES: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.spotted),WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.
X

Orthographic Variance

andWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.an'WITNESSES: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
a
X
a WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

fellowWITNESS: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.fellerWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.fallerWITNESS: Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
could cry quarter
X
could cry quarterWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
Ef he fired away his ramrod arter
X
Ef he fired away his ramrod arter WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

tooWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.tuWITNESSES: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
much rum
X
much rum WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

and water.WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.an' water.WITNESSES: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
Recollect
X
Recollect WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

whatWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.wutWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
fun we
X
fun we WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

had,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.hed,WITNESSES: New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
you 'n I
X
you 'n I WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

andWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.an'WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
Ezry Hollis,
X
Ezry Hollis,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
Up there to Waltham [5]A town near Concord, Massachusetts. plain last fall, ahavin' the Cornwallis? [6]According to Lowell’s glossary in the 1848 book edition, "a sort of [military] muster in masquerade."
X
Up there to Waltham [5]A town near Concord, Massachusetts. plain last fall, ahavin' the Cornwallis? [6]According to Lowell’s glossary in the 1848 book edition, "a sort of [military] muster in masquerade."WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
**[i hait the Site of a feller with a muskit as
X

Formatting Alteration

iWITNESSES: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.IWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
du
X

Orthographic Variance

pisnWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.piznWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
But
X

Orthographic Variance

thereWITNESS: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.theirWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
is fun to a cornwallis I
X

Punctuation Variance

ain't agoinWITNESSES: Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.aint agoinWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.aint agoin'WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
to deny
X

Formatting Alteration

It. H.B.]WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.it.—H.B.]WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
[7]In the newspaper reprints, Biglow's note appears within the line of Sawin's verse. In the 1848 book edition, this note appears as a footnote.
This sort o' thing
X
This sort o' thing WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

ain'tWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.aintWITNESSES: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
jest like
X
jest like WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

that—IWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.thet,—IWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.thet—IWITNESS: Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
wish
X
wish WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

thatWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.thetWITNESSES: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
I
X
I WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

was furder—WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.wuz furder,—WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.wuz furder—WITNESS: Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
**[he
X

Orthographic Variance

meensWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.meansWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
Not quite so fur i
X

Punctuation Variance

gess. H.B.]WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.guess.—H.B.]WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
[8]In the newspaper reprints, Biglow's note appears within the line of Sawin's verse. In the 1848 book edition, this note appears as a footnote.
Nimepunce [9]According to Lowell’s glossary in the 1848 book edition, "ninepence, twelve and a half cents." a day
X
Nimepunce [9]According to Lowell’s glossary in the 1848 book edition, "ninepence, twelve and a half cents." a day WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

forWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.ferWITNESSES: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
killin' folks comes kind o' low
X
killin' folks comes kind o' low WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

forWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.ferWITNESSES: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
murder,
X
murder,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

(WhyWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.(WyWITNESSES: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
I've worked out to
X
I've worked out to WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

slaughterin'WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.slarterin'WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.slarterinWITNESS: Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
some
X
some WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

for deacon Cephas BillinsWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.fer Deacon Cephas Billins,WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.for Deacon Cephas Billins,WITNESS: Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

AndWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.An'WITNESSES: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
in the hardest times there
X
in the hardest times there WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

wasWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.wuzWITNESSES: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
I ollers tetched ten shillins,)
X
I ollers tetched ten shillins,)WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
There's
X
There's WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

somethin'WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.sutthin'WITNESSES: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
gits into my throat
X
gits into my throat WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

thatWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.thetWITNESSES: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
makes it hard to swaller,
X
makes it hard to swaller,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
It comes so nateral to think about a hempen collar; [10]A hangman’s rope.
X
It comes so nateral to think about a hempen collar; [10]A hangman’s rope.WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
It's
X
It's WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

glory—WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.glory,—WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.glory, WITNESS: Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
but, in spite
X
but, in spite WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

ofWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.o'WITNESSES: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
all my tryin' to
X
all my tryin' to WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

gitWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.getWITNESSES: Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.git aWITNESS: Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
callous,
X
callous,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
I feel a kind o' in a
X
I feel a kind o' in a WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

cart a ridin'WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.cart, aridin'WITNESSES: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
to the
X
to the WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

gallows.WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.gallus.WITNESSES: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
But
X
But WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

whenWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.wenWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
it comes to bein'
X
it comes to bein'WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

killedWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.killed,WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
—I tell
X
—I tell WITNESSES: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

yerWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.yeWITNESSES: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
I felt streaked
X
I felt streakedWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
The fust time ever I found out
X
The fust time ever I found out WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

whyWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.wyWITNESSES: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
baggonets
X
baggonets WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

was peaked;WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.wuz peaked;WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.wuz peaked.WITNESS: Sunbury American (Sunbury, PA), December 23, 1848.
Here's how it
X
Here's how it WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

was:WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.wuz:WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
I started out to go to a fandango,
X
I started out to go to a fandango,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
The
X
The WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

sentinelWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.sentinulWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
he ups
X
he ups WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

and says "that'sWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.an' sez, "Thet'sWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
furder
X
furder WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

thanWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.'anWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
you can
X
you can WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

go;"WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.go."WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
"None o' your sarse,"
X
"None o' your sarse," WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

sesWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.sezWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
I;
X
I; WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

ses he "StandWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.sez he, "Stan'WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
back!"
X
back!" WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

"Ain'tWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847."AintWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
you a buster?" [11]According to Lowell’s glossary in the 1848 book edition, a "buster" is a "roistering blade; used also as a general superlative."
X
you a buster?" [11]According to Lowell’s glossary in the 1848 book edition, a "buster" is a "roistering blade; used also as a general superlative."WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

Ses IWITNESSES: Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Ses I,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Sez I,WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
"I'm up to all
X
"I'm up to all WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

that 'ere,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.thet air,WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
I guess I've
X
I guess I've WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

beenWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.benWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
to muster;
X
to muster;WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
I know
X
I know WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

why sentinels areWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.wy sentinuls airWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
sot; you
X
sot; you WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

ain'tWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.aintWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
agoin' to eat us;
X
agoin' to eat us;WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
Caleb
X
Caleb WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

hain'tWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.haintWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
no monopoly to court the seenoreetas; [12]Caleb Cushing (1800–1879) was Massachusetts state legislator who defended the war (which was unpopular in Massachusetts from the outset) and urged the legislature to fund a volunteer regiment. When the Whig-dominated legislature refused, Cushing resigned and spent $12,000 of his own money to organize the First Massachusetts Volunteers regiment, of which he became colonel (he was later promoted to brigadier general). Cushing broke his ankle while stepping off a sidewalk in the Matamoros town square to make way for a Mexican woman to pass. He was subsequently mocked in the press for injuring himself while "courting senoritas." See John M. Belohlavek, "Race, Progress, and Destiny: Caleb Cushing and the Quest for American Empire” in Manifest Destiny and Empire: American Antebellum Expansionism, ed. Sam W. Haynes and Christopher Morris (College Station: University of Texas at Arlington; Texas A&M University Press, 1997), 38; and Belohlavek, Broken Glass: Caleb Cushing and the Shattering of the Union (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2005), 199.
My folks to
X
My folks to WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

home areWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.hum airWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
full
X
full WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

asWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.ezWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
good
X
good WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

asWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.ezWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
hisn be, by golly!"
X
hisn be, by golly!"WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

AndWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.An'WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
so
X
so WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

asWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.ezWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
I
X
I WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

wasWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.wuzWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
goin'
X
goin' WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

byWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.by,WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
not thinkin'
X
not thinkin' WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

whatWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.wutWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
would
X
would WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

follyWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.folly,WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
The everlastin' cus he stuck his
X
The everlastin' cus he stuck his WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

one prongedWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.one-prongedWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
pitchfork in me
X
pitchfork in meWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

AndWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.An'WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
made a hole right thru my close
X
made a hole right thru my close WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

asWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.ezWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
ef I
X
ef I WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

wasWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.wuzWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
an in'my.
X
an in'my.WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
Wal, it beats all how big I felt hoorawin' in
X
Wal, it beats all how big I felt hoorawin' in WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

oldWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.oleWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
Funnel [13]Faneuil Hall, a Boston meeting hall built in 1742.
X
Funnel [13]Faneuil Hall, a Boston meeting hall built in 1742.WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
Wen Mister Bolles [14]John Augustus Bolles (1809–1878), who was Massachusetts secretary of state in 1843, published "Essay on a Congress of Nations, for the Pacific Adjustment of International Disputes" with the American Peace Society in 1839. He presented Lieutenant Colonel Isaac Wright at the Faneuil Hall rally on January 23, 1847, on behalf of subscribers supporting the First Massachusetts Regiment. Frank Beverly Williams, "Notes," in The Writings of James Russell Lowell: Poems by James Russell Lowell (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1892), 8:400. he gin the sword to our
X
Wen Mister Bolles [14]John Augustus Bolles (1809–1878), who was Massachusetts secretary of state in 1843, published "Essay on a Congress of Nations, for the Pacific Adjustment of International Disputes" with the American Peace Society in 1839. He presented Lieutenant Colonel Isaac Wright at the Faneuil Hall rally on January 23, 1847, on behalf of subscribers supporting the First Massachusetts Regiment. Frank Beverly Williams, "Notes," in The Writings of James Russell Lowell: Poems by James Russell Lowell (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1892), 8:400. he gin the sword to our WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Formatting Alteration

leftenantWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.LeftenantWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
Cunnle,
X
Cunnle,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
(It's Mister
X
(It's Mister WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

secondary Bolles—WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Secondary Bolles, WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
**[the ignerant creeter means
X

Punctuation Variance

Sekketary!WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Sekketary;WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
but he ollers stuck to his books like
X

Orthographic Variance

kobbler's whacksWITNESS: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.kobler's whacksWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.cobbler's waxWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
to an ile-stone.
X

Punctuation Variance

H.B.]WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.—H.B.]WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
[15]In the newspaper reprints, Biglow's note appears within the line of Sawin's verse. In the 1848 book edition, this note appears as a footnote.
X

Orthographic Variance

—thatWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.thetWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
writ the
X
writ the WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Substantive Variance

priceWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.prizeWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
peace
X
peace WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

essay,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.essay;WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

That's whyWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Thet's wyWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
he didn't list himself along o' us, I
X
he didn't list himself along o' us, I WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

dessay,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.dessay,)WITNESSES: Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

AndWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.An'WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
Rantoul, [16]Robert Rantoul Jr. (1805–1852), a Boston lawyer appointed as US district attorney for Massachusetts in 1846. Rantoul was best remembered for his spirited opposition to capital punishment. See Luther Hamilton, ed., Memoirs, Speeches, and Writings of Robert Rantoul (Boston: John P. Jewett, 1854).
X
Rantoul, [16]Robert Rantoul Jr. (1805–1852), a Boston lawyer appointed as US district attorney for Massachusetts in 1846. Rantoul was best remembered for his spirited opposition to capital punishment. See Luther Hamilton, ed., Memoirs, Speeches, and Writings of Robert Rantoul (Boston: John P. Jewett, 1854).WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

too,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847. tu,WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
talked pooty loud, but don't put his foot in
X
talked pooty loud, but don't put his foot in WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

itWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.it,WITNESS: Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.
X

Orthographic Variance

CosWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.CozWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
human life's so sacred
X
human life's so sacred WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

thatWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.thetWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
he's principled
X
he's principled WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

agin' it,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.agin' it,—WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

(ThoughWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.ThoughWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.(Tho'WITNESS: New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.
I myself can't rightly see it's any
X
I myself can't rightly see it's any WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

worseWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.wusWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
achokin' on 'em
X
achokin' on 'emWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
Than puttin' bullets thru their
X
Than puttin' bullets thru their WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

lightsWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.lights,WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
[17]According to Lowell’s glossary in the 1848 book edition, "their bowels." or with a bagnet pokin' on
X
[17]According to Lowell’s glossary in the 1848 book edition, "their bowels." or with a bagnet pokin' on WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

'em,)WITNESSES: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.em,)WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.'em;WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
How
X
How WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

dreffulWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.dreffleWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
slick he reeled it
X
slick he reeled it WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

offWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.off,WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
(like Blitz [18]Antonio van Zant (1810–1877), an English magician and ventriloquist who lived in the United States after 1834 and performed under the name "Signor Blitz." at our lyceum [19]A public institution that offered lectures, debates, drama, and entertainment to a local community. On the lyceum movement in nineteenth-century America, see Carl Bode, The American Lyceum: Town Meeting of the Mind (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1968).
X
(like Blitz [18]Antonio van Zant (1810–1877), an English magician and ventriloquist who lived in the United States after 1834 and performed under the name "Signor Blitz." at our lyceum [19]A public institution that offered lectures, debates, drama, and entertainment to a local community. On the lyceum movement in nineteenth-century America, see Carl Bode, The American Lyceum: Town Meeting of the Mind (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1968).WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
Ahaulin' ribbins from his chops so quick you skeercely see 'em,)
X
Ahaulin' ribbins from his chops so quick you skeercely see 'em,)WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
About the Anglo-Saxon race
X
About the Anglo-Saxon race WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

(andWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.(an'WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
saxons would be handy
X
saxons would be handyWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
To
X
To WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

doWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.duWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
the
X
the WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

berryin'WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.buryin'WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
down here upon the
X
down here upon the WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

Rio Grandy)WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Rio Grandy),WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
About our patriotic pas
X
About our patriotic pas WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

andWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.an'WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
our star-spangled banner,
X
our star-spangled banner,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
Our country's bird alookin' on
X
Our country's bird alookin' on WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

andWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.an'WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
singin' out hosanner, [20]National symbols were used to recruit volunteers, rally troops in the field, and build consensus at home. According to historian Robert Johannsen, "the Mexican War was the first national conflict in which [national symbols] played an important part. The soldiers, like their countrymen back home, saw in their symbols—the flag, the bald eagle, the national songs—objective representations of the nation's democratic faith." Johannsen, To the Halls of the Montezumas: The Mexican War in the American Imagination (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 52.
X

Orthographic Variance

AndWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.An'WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
how he (Mister B. himself)
X
how he (Mister B. himself) WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

wasWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.wuzWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
happy
X
happy WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

for WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.fer WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

Ameriky,—WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Ameriky—WITNESSES: Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.
I felt,
X
I felt, WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

asWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.ezWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
sister Patience
X
sister PatienceWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

ses,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.sez,WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
a leetle mite
X
a leetle mite WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

histericky.WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.histericky,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.
I felt, I swon,
X
I felt, I swon, WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

asWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.ezWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
though it
X
though it WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

wasWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.wuzWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
a
X
a WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

dreffulWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.dreffleWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
kind o' privilege
X
kind o' privilegeWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
Atrampin' round thru
X
Atrampin' round thru WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

BostingWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.BostonWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
streets among the gutter's
X
streets among the gutter's WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

drivelage,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.drivelage;WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
I act'lly thought it
X
I act'lly thought it WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

wasWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.wuzWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
a treat to hear a
X
a treat to hear a WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

leetleWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.littleWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
drummin',
X
drummin',WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

AndWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.An'WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
it did bonyfidy seem
X
it did bonyfidy seem WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

MilanyumWITNESS: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.MillanyumWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.millanyumWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

was comin'WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847. wuz acomin'WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
Wen all on us got suits (darned like them wore in the state prison)
X
Wen all on us got suits (darned like them wore in the state prison)WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

AndWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.An'WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
every feller felt
X
every feller felt WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

asWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.ezWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
though all Mexico
X
though all Mexico WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

wasWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.wuzWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
hisn.
X
hisn.WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
**[it must be aloud that thare
X

Orthographic Variance

isWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.'sWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
a streak o' nater in
X

Punctuation Variance

lovin, sho.WITNESS: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.lovin' sho.WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.lovin' sho,WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
but it
X

Orthographic Variance

sartnlyWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.sartinlyWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
is 1 of the curusest things in nater to
X

Orthographic Variance

cWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.seeWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
a
X

Orthographic Variance

rispeckedableWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.rispecktableWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
dri goods [21]Dry goods: Merchandise such as textiles, ready-to-wear clothes, and other items distinct from those sold in grocery stores.
X

Orthographic Variance

deelerWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.dealerWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
(deekon off a
X

Orthographic Variance

churchWITNESSES: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.chutchWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
mayby) a riggin' himself out in the Weigh they du and struttin' round in the Reign aspilin' his trowsis and makin' wet goods of himself. Ef
X

Orthographic Variance

anythin' isWITNESS: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.any thin 'sWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
foolisher and
X

Orthographic Variance

more dickilusWITNESS: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.moor dicklusWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
than militerry gloary it is milishy
X

Punctuation Variance

gloary. H.B.]WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.gloary.—H.B.]WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
[22]In the newspaper reprints, Biglow's note appears within the line of Sawin's verse. In the 1848 book edition, this note appears as a footnote.
This
X
This WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

'ere'sWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.ere'sWITNESSES: Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.
about the meanest place a skunk could
X
about the meanest place a skunk could WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

well diskiver,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.wal diskiverWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

Saltillo'sWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.(Saltillo'sWITNESSES: Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
[23]Capital of Coahuila in Mexico, captured by General Zachary Taylor on November 16, 1846. US troops stationed in Saltillo fought against Mexican general Santa Anna's forces in the Battle of Buena Vista, a nearby city, in February 1847. See David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler, The Mexican War (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2006), 109–13. Mexican, I
X
[23]Capital of Coahuila in Mexico, captured by General Zachary Taylor on November 16, 1846. US troops stationed in Saltillo fought against Mexican general Santa Anna's forces in the Battle of Buena Vista, a nearby city, in February 1847. See David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler, The Mexican War (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2006), 109–13. Mexican, I WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

believe,WITNESS: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.blieve,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.b'lieve,WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

for wotWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847. fer wutWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
we call
X
we call WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

Salt-river)WITNESSES: Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Saltriver)WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Salt-river).WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
[24]Salt River was a popular symbol in the mid-nineteenth-century United States for political defeat. For more on this nickname, see Liz Hutter, "'Ho for Salt River!': Politics, Loss, and Satire," Common-Place 7, no. 3 (April 2007), http://www.common-place.org/vol-07/no-03/hutter/; and Hans Sperber and James N. Tidwell, "Words and Phrases in American Politics: Fact and Fiction about Salt River," American Speech 26, no. 4 (December 1951): 241–47.
X
[24]Salt River was a popular symbol in the mid-nineteenth-century United States for political defeat. For more on this nickname, see Liz Hutter, "'Ho for Salt River!': Politics, Loss, and Satire," Common-Place 7, no. 3 (April 2007), http://www.common-place.org/vol-07/no-03/hutter/; and Hans Sperber and James N. Tidwell, "Words and Phrases in American Politics: Fact and Fiction about Salt River," American Speech 26, no. 4 (December 1951): 241–47.WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
The sort o' trash a feller
X
The sort o' trash a feller WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

getsWITNESS: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.gitsWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
to eat
X
to eat WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

doesWITNESSES: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.doosWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
beat all nater,
X
beat all nater,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
I'd give a year's pay
X
I'd give a year's pay WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

forWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.ferWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
a smell
X
a smell WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

ofWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.o'WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
one good
X
one good WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

bluenoseWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.blue-noseWITNESSES: Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.
tater; [25]A purplish potato grown in New England and Nova Scotia.
X
tater; [25]A purplish potato grown in New England and Nova Scotia.WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
The country here
X
The country here WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

thatWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.thetWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
Mister Bolles
X
Mister Bolles WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

declar'dWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.declaredWITNESSES: Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
to be so
X
to be so WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

charmin',WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.charmin'WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
Throughout is swarmin' with the most alarmin'
X
Throughout is swarmin' with the most alarmin' WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

kindsWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.kindWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
o'
X
o' WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

varmin',WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.varmin'.WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.varmin,WITNESS: Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.
He talked about delishis froots, but then it
X
He talked about delishis froots, but then it WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

wasWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.wuzWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
a
X
a WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

whopperWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.wopperWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
[26]According to Lowell’s glossary in the 1848 book edition, a "whopper" is "an uncommonly large lie; as, that General Taylor is in favor of the Wilmot Proviso." all,
X
[26]According to Lowell’s glossary in the 1848 book edition, a "whopper" is "an uncommonly large lie; as, that General Taylor is in favor of the Wilmot Proviso." all,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
The
X
The WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

wholeWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.hollWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
on't 's mud
X
on't 's mud WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

andWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.an'WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
prickly pears, with here
X
prickly pears, with here WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

andWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.an'WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
there a
X
there a WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

chapparal:WITNESS: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.chapparal;WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
You see a feller peekin' out,
X
You see a feller peekin' out, WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

and,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.an',WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

firstWITNESS: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847. fustWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
you know, a lariat [27]A rope used as a lasso.
X
you know, a lariat [27]A rope used as a lasso.WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Substantive Variance

IsWITNESSES: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.IfWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.
round your throat
X
round your throat WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

andWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.an'WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
you a copse,
X
you a copse, WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

'foreWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.'forWITNESS: New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.
you can say,
X
you can say, WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

"Wat areWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847."Wut airWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
ye at?"
X
ye at?"WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
**[these fellers
X

Orthographic Variance

airWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.areWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
verry proppilly called Rank
X

Orthographic Variance

Herows,WITNESS: New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Heroes,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
and the
X

Orthographic Variance

moarWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.moreWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
tha
X

Orthographic Variance

kilWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.killWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
the
X

Orthographic Variance

wrankerWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.rankerWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
and
X

Orthographic Variance

moarWITNESS: New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.moorWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.moreWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
Herowick tha
X

Orthographic Variance

beckum. H.B.]WITNESS: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.beekum. H.B.]WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.bekum.—H.B.]WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
[28]In the newspaper reprints, Biglow's note appears within the line of Sawin's verse. In the 1848 book edition, this note appears as a footnote.
You never see
X
You never see WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

sichWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.sechWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
darned gret bugs (it may not be
X
darned gret bugs (it may not be WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

irrelevant,WITNESS: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.irrelevantWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
To say I've seen a scarabaeus pilularius [29]A dung beetle.
X
To say I've seen a scarabaeus pilularius [29]A dung beetle.WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Substantive Variance

as big asWITNESS: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.big asWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.big ezWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
a year old elephant,)
X
a year old elephant,)WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
**[it
X

Orthographic Variance

wasWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.wuzWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
"tumblebug" as he Writ it, but the parson put the Latten instid. i sed tother maid better meeter, but he
X

Orthographic Variance

sedWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.saidWITNESSES: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
tha was eddykated peepl to
X

Orthographic Variance

BostingWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Bosting,WITNESSES: Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.BostonWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
and tha
X

Orthographic Variance

woodn'tWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.wouldn'tWITNESSES: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
stan' it no
X

Substantive Variance

now.WITNESS: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.how.WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

idnoWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.idnowWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
as tha wood and
X

Orthographic Variance

idnoWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.idnowWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
as tha
X

Substantive Variance

wood'nt. H.B.]WITNESS: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.woodn't. H.B.]WITNESS: New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.wood. H.B.]WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.wood.—H.B.]WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
[30]In the newspaper reprints, Biglow's note appears within the line of Sawin's verse. In the 1848 book edition, this note appears as a footnote.
The rigiment come up one day in time to stop a red bug
X
The rigiment come up one day in time to stop a red bugWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
From runnin' off with Cunnle Wright [31]Isaac Hull Wright (1814–1886) was a Massachusetts state senator before raising a company of Irishmen to serve in the First Massachusetts Regiment. He took over command of this regiment after Caleb Cushing was promoted to brigadier general. See Massachusetts Historical Society, "'Under the Commission of Massachusetts We Shall March Forward to the Mountain Plains of the Aztecs': Recruiting Volunteers for the First Massachusetts Volunteer Regiment during the Mexican War," accessed August 27, 2014, http://www.masshist.org/objects/2012november.php.
X

Punctuation Variance

WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.,—WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
't
X
't WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

wasWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.wuzWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
jest a common cimex lectularius. [32]A bedbug.
X
jest a common cimex lectularius. [32]A bedbug.WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
One night I started up
X
One night I started up WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

an eend, andWITNESS: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.an eend andWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.on eend andWITNESSES: Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.on eend an'WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
thought I
X
thought I WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

wasWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.wuzWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
to hum agin,
X
to hum agin,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
I heern a horn, thinks I it's Sol the fisherman
X
I heern a horn, thinks I it's Sol the fishermanWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

hasWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.hezWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
come agin,
X
come agin,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
His
X
HisWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

belloswsesWITNESS: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.bellowsesWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
is sound
X
is sound WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

enough—asWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.enough,—ezWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
I'm a livin' creeter,
X
I'm a livin' creeter,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
I felt a thing go thru my
X
I felt a thing go thru my WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

leg—'twas nothin'WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.leg—'twas nothingWITNESS: New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.leg,—'t wuz nothin'WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
more 'n a skeeter!
X
more 'n a skeeter!WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
Then there's the yaller fever, [33]Yellow fever: an acute viral disease that is spread by mosquitos and attacks the body's internal organs, including the liver, whose failure lends the sufferer's skin a yellow hue. Symptoms include nausea, fever, chills, and muscle pain. Yellow fever was a major peril for US soldiers in Mexico, and General Winfield Scott even factored in yellow fever season when planning the invasion of Veracruz in October 1846. Heidler and Heidler, The Mexican War, 89, 138n. tu, they call it here el
X
Then there's the yaller fever, [33]Yellow fever: an acute viral disease that is spread by mosquitos and attacks the body's internal organs, including the liver, whose failure lends the sufferer's skin a yellow hue. Symptoms include nausea, fever, chills, and muscle pain. Yellow fever was a major peril for US soldiers in Mexico, and General Winfield Scott even factored in yellow fever season when planning the invasion of Veracruz in October 1846. Heidler and Heidler, The Mexican War, 89, 138n. tu, they call it here el WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

vomito,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.vomito,—WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
[34]Also known as "el negro vomito," the final stage of yellow fever, wherein the victim experiences bloody vomiting. Heidler and Heidler, The Mexican War, 138n.
X
[34]Also known as "el negro vomito," the final stage of yellow fever, wherein the victim experiences bloody vomiting. Heidler and Heidler, The Mexican War, 138n.WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
(Come,
X
(Come, WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

thatWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.thetWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
wun't du, you landcrab
X
wun't du, you landcrab WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

thereWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.there,WITNESSES: Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
I tell ye to
X
I tell ye to WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

letWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.le'WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
go my
X
go my WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

toe!WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.toe?WITNESS: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.
My gracious! it's a scorpion
X
My gracious! it's a scorpion WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

that'sWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.thet'sWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
took a shine to
X
took a shine to WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

plaWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.playWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
with
X
with WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

it,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.'t,WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Substantive Variance

I'm 'fraid toWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.I darsn'tWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
skeer the tarnal thing
X
skeer the tarnal thing WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

forWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.ferWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
fear he'd run away with
X
fear he'd run away with WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

it.)WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.'t.)WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
Afore I come away from
X
Afore I come away from WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

homeWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.humWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
I
X
I WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

hadWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.hedWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
a strong persuasion
X
a strong persuasionWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

ThatWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.ThetWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
Mexicans worn't
X
Mexicans worn't WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

huming beans—WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.human beans,—WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
**[he means
X

Orthographic Variance

hewmanWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.humanWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
beins, that's
X

Orthographic Variance

wotWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.wutWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
he
X

Orthographic Variance

meens.WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.means.WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
i spose he kinder thought tha
X

Orthographic Variance

wasWITNESS: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.wuzWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

huemanWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.humanWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
beans ware the Xisle Poles [35]"Exile Poles": Biglow refers to a wave of Polish emigrants—many of them intellectual and political elites—during the "Great Immigration," which began after the November Uprising of 1830–31. See Slawomir R. Kalembka, "'Great' Polish Political Emigration (1831–1870)," in Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions, accessed August 27, 2014, http://www.ohio.edu/chastain/index.htm. comes
X

Punctuation Variance

from. H.B.]WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.from.—H.B.]WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
[36]In the newspaper reprints, Biglow's note appears within the line of Sawin's verse. In the 1848 book edition, this note appears as a footnote. —an ourang outang nation,
X
—an ourang outang nation,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
A sort o' folks a chap could kill
X
A sort o' folks a chap could kill WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

andWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.an'WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
never dream on 't
X
never dream on 't WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

arter;WITNESS: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.arterWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.arter,WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
No more 'n a feller'd dream o' pigs
X
No more 'n a feller'd dream o' pigs WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

thatWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.thetWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
he
X
he WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

had hadWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.hed hedWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
to slarter;
X
to slarter;WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
I'd an idee
X
I'd an idee WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

thatWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.thetWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
they were built arter the darkie fashion all, [37]In his seminal history of the construction of race in the United States, Reginald Horsman claims that the US-Mexico War was the "catalyst in overt adoption of racial Anglo-Saxonism." This racist discourse portrayed Mexican citizens as a "mongrel race adulterated by extensive interbreeding with Indians," and they were "lumped together with Indians and blacks as an inferior race." Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press), 198, 208–13.
X
they were built arter the darkie fashion all, [37]In his seminal history of the construction of race in the United States, Reginald Horsman claims that the US-Mexico War was the "catalyst in overt adoption of racial Anglo-Saxonism." This racist discourse portrayed Mexican citizens as a "mongrel race adulterated by extensive interbreeding with Indians," and they were "lumped together with Indians and blacks as an inferior race." Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press), 198, 208–13.WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

AndWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.An'WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
kickin' colored folks
X
kickin' colored folks WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

aboutWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.about,WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
you
X
you WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

know 'isWITNESS: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.know 'sWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.know, 'sWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
a kind o' national;
X
a kind o' national;WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
But
X
But WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

whenWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.wenWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
I jined I worn't so wise
X
I jined I worn't so wise WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

as that 'ereWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.ez thet airWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
queen o' Sheby, [38]In 1 Kings 10, the Queen of Sheba, hearing of the wisdom of Solomon of Israel, travels there to test him with a series of questions.
X
queen o' Sheby, [38]In 1 Kings 10, the Queen of Sheba, hearing of the wisdom of Solomon of Israel, travels there to test him with a series of questions.WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

For,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Fer,WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
come to look at 'em,
X
come to look at 'em, WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

theWITNESS: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.theyWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

ain'tWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.aintWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
much diff'rent from
X
much diff'rent from WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

wotWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.wutWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
we be,
X
we be,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

AndWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.An'WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
here we air ascrougin' 'em out o'
X
here we air ascrougin' 'em out o' WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

theirWITNESSES: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.thirWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
own dominions,
X
own dominions,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

Ashelterin'WITNESSES: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Asheltrin'WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.
'em,
X
'em, WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

asWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.ezWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
Caleb
X
Caleb WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

ses,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.sez,WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
under our eagle's pinions, [39]Pinions: Eagle wings. Cushing was an ardent expansionist, which he often defended in terms of Anglo-Saxon superiority. For instance, in 1857 he said, "It happens that men, nations, races, may, must, will perish before us. That is inevitable. There can be no change for the better save at the expense of that which is. Out of decay springs fresh life." Quoted in Belohlavek, "Race, Progress, and Destiny," 21.
X
under our eagle's pinions, [39]Pinions: Eagle wings. Cushing was an ardent expansionist, which he often defended in terms of Anglo-Saxon superiority. For instance, in 1857 he said, "It happens that men, nations, races, may, must, will perish before us. That is inevitable. There can be no change for the better save at the expense of that which is. Out of decay springs fresh life." Quoted in Belohlavek, "Race, Progress, and Destiny," 21.WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
Wich means to take a feller up
X
Wich means to take a feller up WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

jistWITNESS: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.jestWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
by the slack
X
by the slack WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

of 's trowsisWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.of 's trowsis,WITNESSES: Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.o' 's trowsisWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

AndWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.An'WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
walk him Spanish [40]"A painful and humiliating means of hurrying one by holding his seat and neck and forcing him to walk." Barbara Ann Kipfer, ed., Dictionary of American Slang, 4th ed. (New York: Collins, 2000), 186. clean right out o' all his homes
X
walk him Spanish [40]"A painful and humiliating means of hurrying one by holding his seat and neck and forcing him to walk." Barbara Ann Kipfer, ed., Dictionary of American Slang, 4th ed. (New York: Collins, 2000), 186. clean right out o' all his homes WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

andWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.an'WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
houses;
X
houses;WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
Wal, it
X
Wal, it WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

doesWITNESS: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.doosWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
seem a curus way, but then hooraw
X
seem a curus way, but then hooraw WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

forWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.ferWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
Jackson! [41]Andrew Jackson (1767–1845), the seventh US president (1829–37) and leader of the Jacksonian Democrats.
X
Jackson! [41]Andrew Jackson (1767–1845), the seventh US president (1829–37) and leader of the Jacksonian Democrats.WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
It must be right,
X
It must be right, WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

forWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.ferWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
Caleb
X
Caleb WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

sesWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.sezWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
it's reg'lar
X
it's reg'lar WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

Anglesaxon.WITNESS: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Anglosaxon.WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
The Mex'cans don't fight fair, they say, they
X
The Mex'cans don't fight fair, they say, they WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

pisonWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.piz'nWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
all the water, [42]During General William Worth's siege of Puebla in the summer of 1847, US troops were warned that Mexican forces planned to poison them. John C. Pinheiro, Manifest Ambitions: James K. Polk and Civil-Military Relations during the Mexican War (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2007), 93.
X
all the water, [42]During General William Worth's siege of Puebla in the summer of 1847, US troops were warned that Mexican forces planned to poison them. John C. Pinheiro, Manifest Ambitions: James K. Polk and Civil-Military Relations during the Mexican War (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2007), 93.WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

And doWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.An' duWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
amazin' lots o' things
X
amazin' lots o' things WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

that isn't whatWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.thet is n't wutWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
they
X
they WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

oughter,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.ough'to;WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Substantive Variance

Not havin' any leadWITNESS: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Not havin' any lead,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Bein' they haint no lead,WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
they make their bullets out o'
X
they make their bullets out o' WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

copperWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.copper,WITNESSES: Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.
[43]Due to a shortage of iron, the Mexican army used mostly copper balls for their cannons; these were less effective than iron cannonballs because they were more lightweight, and so they often fell short of their targets. David A. Clary, Eagles and Empire: The United States, Mexico, and the Struggle for a Continent (New York: Bantam, 2009), 109, 137.
X
[43]Due to a shortage of iron, the Mexican army used mostly copper balls for their cannons; these were less effective than iron cannonballs because they were more lightweight, and so they often fell short of their targets. David A. Clary, Eagles and Empire: The United States, Mexico, and the Struggle for a Continent (New York: Bantam, 2009), 109, 137.WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

AndWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.An'WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
shoot the
X
shoot the WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

darndWITNESS: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.darnedWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
things at us, tu,
X
things at us, tu, WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

whichWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.wichWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
Caleb
X
Caleb WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

ses ain'tWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.sez aintWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
proper;
X
proper;WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
He
X
He WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

sesWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.sezWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
they'd
X
they'd WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

ought toWITNESS: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.oughterWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.ough' toWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
stan' right up
X
stan' right up WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

andWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.an'WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
let us pop 'em fairly,
X
let us pop 'em fairly,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
(Guess
X
(Guess WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

whenWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.wenWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
he ketches 'em at
X
he ketches 'em at WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

thatWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.thetWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
he'll
X
he'll WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

have toWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.have tuWITNESSES: Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.hev toWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
git up airly,)
X
git up airly,)WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

ThatWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.ThetWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
our
X
our WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Formatting Alteration

Nation'sWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.nation'sWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
bigger 'n theirn
X
bigger 'n theirn WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

andWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.an'WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
so its rights
X
so its rights WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

areWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.airWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
bigger,
X
bigger,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

And thatWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.An' thetWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
it's all to make 'em free
X
it's all to make 'em free WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

thatWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.thetWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
we
X
we WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

areWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.airWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
pullin' trigger,
X
pullin' trigger,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

ThatWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.ThetWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
Anglo Saxondom's idee's abreakin' 'em to pieces,
X
Anglo Saxondom's idee's abreakin' 'em to pieces,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

And thatWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.An' thetWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
idee's
X
idee's WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

thatWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.thetWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
every man
X
every man WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

doesWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.doosWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
jest
X
jest WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

whatWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.wutWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
he damn pleases;
X
he damn pleases;WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
Ef I don't make his meanin'
X
Ef I don't make his meanin' WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

clearWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.clear,WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
perhaps in some
X
perhaps in some WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

respeckWITNESS: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.respeksWITNESS: New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.respexWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.respekWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.
I can,
X
I can,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
I know
X
I know WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

thatWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.thetWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
"every man" don't mean a nigger or a
X
"every man" don't mean a nigger or a WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Substantive Variance

Mexican.WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Mexican;
An' there's another thing I know, an' thet is, ef these creeturs,
Thet stick an Anglosaxon mask onto State-prison feeturs,
Should come to Jaalam Centre fer to argify an' spout on 't,
The gals 'ould count the silver spoons the minnit they cleared out on 'tWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
This goin'
X
This goin' WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

whereWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.wareWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
glory waits
X
glory waits WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

ye, hain'tWITNESS: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.ye hain'tWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.ye haintWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
one agreeable feetur,
X
one agreeable feetur,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
An' ef it worn't
X
An' ef it worn't WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

forWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.ferWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
wakin' snakes, I'd home agin short meter;
X
wakin' snakes, I'd home agin short meter;WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

O,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848."O,WITNESS: Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.
wouldn't I be off, quick time, ef
X
wouldn't I be off, quick time, ef WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

't warn't thatWITNESS: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.'t worn't thatWITNESSES: Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.'tworn't thatWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.'t worn't thetWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

't warn't thatWITNESS: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.'t worn't thatWITNESSES: Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.'tworn't thatWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.'t worn't thetWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
I
X
I WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

wasWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.wuzWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
sartin
X
sartinWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
They'd let the
X
They'd let the WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

day lightWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.daylightWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
into me to pay me
X
into me to pay me WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

forWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.ferWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
desartin! [44]Desertion rates in the US-Mexico War were high. Of a total 26,922 soldiers enlisted in the regular army, 2,849 deserted; 3,900 of 59,000 volunteers deserted. Whereas regulars who deserted had bounties put on their heads, volunteers could desert or obtain discharges with relative ease, especially before their regiments arrived in Mexico. See Paul Foos, A Short, Offhand, Killing Affair: Soldiers and Social Conflict during the Mexican-American War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 100–112.
X
desartin! [44]Desertion rates in the US-Mexico War were high. Of a total 26,922 soldiers enlisted in the regular army, 2,849 deserted; 3,900 of 59,000 volunteers deserted. Whereas regulars who deserted had bounties put on their heads, volunteers could desert or obtain discharges with relative ease, especially before their regiments arrived in Mexico. See Paul Foos, A Short, Offhand, Killing Affair: Soldiers and Social Conflict during the Mexican-American War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 100–112.WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
I don't approve o' tellin' tales, but jest to you I may state
X
I don't approve o' tellin' tales, but jest to you I may stateWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
Our ossifers
X
Our ossifers WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

ain't wotWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.aint wutWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
they wuz
X
they wuz WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Substantive Variance

before weWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.before theyWITNESS: Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.afore theyWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
left the
X
left the WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

Bay-state;WITNESSES: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Baystate;WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Bay state;WITNESS: Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.
[45]A nickname for Massachusetts due to its proximity to several bays.
X
[45]A nickname for Massachusetts due to its proximity to several bays.WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Substantive Variance

WhenWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.ThenWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
it
X
it WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

was WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.wuz WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

"Mister Sawin, WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.'Mister Sawin, WITNESS: Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.
X

Formatting Alteration

Sir,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.sir,WITNESSES: Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
you're middlin' well now, be ye?
X
you're middlin' well now, be ye?WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
Step up an' take a nipper, [46]To drink a small amount of alcohol.
X
Step up an' take a nipper, [46]To drink a small amount of alcohol.WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

Sir,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.sir,WITNESSES: Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.sir;WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
I'm dreffle glad to see
X
I'm dreffle glad to see WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

ye;"WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.ye;'WITNESS: Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.ye";WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

BntWITNESS: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.ButWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
now it's
X
now it's WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

"Where'sWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.'Where'sWITNESS: Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847."Ware'sWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
my eppylet? [47]Ornamental fringed shoulder piece on military uniforms in the nineteenth century.
X
my eppylet? [47]Ornamental fringed shoulder piece on military uniforms in the nineteenth century. WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

here Sawin, WITNESS: Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.here, Sawin WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.here, Sawin, WITNESSES: Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

step andWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.step, andWITNESS: New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.step an'WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
fetch it!
X
fetch it!WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

AndWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.An'WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
mind your
X
mind your WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Substantive Variance

eyes,WITNESS: National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.eye,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
be thund'rin' [48]According to Lowell’s glossary in the 1848 book edition, "a euphemism common in New England, for the profane English expression devilish. Perhaps derived from the belief, common formerly, that thunder was caused by the Prince of the Air, for some of whose accomplishments consult Cotton Mather." spry,
X
be thund'rin' [48]According to Lowell’s glossary in the 1848 book edition, "a euphemism common in New England, for the profane English expression devilish. Perhaps derived from the belief, common formerly, that thunder was caused by the Prince of the Air, for some of whose accomplishments consult Cotton Mather." spry, WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Substantive Variance

or d—;nWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.or hangWITNESS: Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.or, damnWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
ye, you shall ketch
X
ye, you shall ketch WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

it!"WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.it!'WITNESS: Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.
X

Orthographic Variance

Wal, asWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Wal asWITNESS: Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.a'l asWWITNESS: Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Wal, ezWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
the Doctor
X
the Doctor WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

ses,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.sez,WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
some pork will bile so, [49]"Some pork will boil so" or "some pork will boil that way" was a nineteenth-century colloquialism that meant "that's just the way it is." but by
X
some pork will bile so, [49]"Some pork will boil so" or "some pork will boil that way" was a nineteenth-century colloquialism that meant "that's just the way it is." but by WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

mightyWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.mighty,WITNESSES: Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
Ef I
X
Ef I WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

hadWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.hedWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
some on 'em to hum, I'd give 'em linkum vity, [50]Lingum vitae, a tree whose dense, hard wood was used to make, among other things, police truncheons and "billy clubs."
X
some on 'em to hum, I'd give 'em linkum vity, [50]Lingum vitae, a tree whose dense, hard wood was used to make, among other things, police truncheons and "billy clubs."WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
I'd play the rogue's march [51]A tune, of English origin, played when a soldier is expelled dishonorably from the army. Oxford English Dictionary, "rogue's march," accessed August 28, 2014, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/166894. on their hides
X
I'd play the rogue's march [51]A tune, of English origin, played when a soldier is expelled dishonorably from the army. Oxford English Dictionary, "rogue's march," accessed August 28, 2014, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/166894. on their hides WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

andWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.an'WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
other music
X
other music WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

follerin',—WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.follerin'—WITNESSES: Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
But I must close my letter
X
But I must close my letter WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

hereWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.here,WITNESSES: Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
for one on 'em 's ahollerin',
X
for one on 'em 's ahollerin',WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
These Anglosaxon ossifers—wal,
X
These Anglosaxon ossifers—wal, WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Punctuation Variance

tain'tWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.taintWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
no use
X
no use WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

a jawin',WITNESS: Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.ajawin',WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
I'm safe enlisted
X
I'm safe enlisted WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Orthographic Variance

forWITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.ferWITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
the war,
X
the war,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
X

Substantive Variance

Yourn,WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.Yourn, BIRDOFREDOM SAWIN.WITNESS: Texas Union (San Augustine, TX), October 16, 1847.
BIRDOFREDOM SAWIN.
X
BIRDOFREDOM SAWIN.WITNESSES: Boston Courier (Boston, MA), August 18, 1847.National Anti-Slavery Standard (New York, NY), August 26, 1847.Liberator (Boston, MA), August 27, 1847.Littell's Living Age (Boston, MA), September 11, 1847.New Hampshire Sentinel (Keene, NH), November 11, 1847.Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.
[Those have not been wanting (as, indeed, when hath Satan been to seek for attorneys?) who have maintained that our late inroad upon Mexico was undertaken, not so much for the avenging of any national quarrel, as for the spreading of free institutions and of Protestantism. Capita vix duabus Anticyris medenda! [52]"Heads scarcely curable by two Anticyras." There were two towns in ancient Greece named Anticyra, both of which were known for their production of hellebore, said to be a cure for madness. Thomas Wortham, ed., The Biglow Papers [First Series], by James Russell Lowell (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1977), 194n. Verily I admire that no pious sergeant among these new Crusaders beheld Martin Luther riding at the front of the host upon a tamed pontifical bull, as, in that former invasion of Mexico, the zealous Diaz (spawn though he were of the Scarlet Woman) [53]Bernal Díaz del Castillo (1492?–1584), a Spanish conquistador who wrote A True History of the Conquest of New Spain. The "scarlet woman" is a reference to La Malinche, an Aztec woman who served as translator for Hernán Cortés and was later vilified in Mexican history. was favored with a vision of St. James of Compostella, [54]Also known as St. James the Great, one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. skewering the infidels upon his apostolical lance. We read, also, that Richard of the lion heart, [55]Richard I (1157–1199), a king of England, participated in the Third Crusade to the Holy Land between 1189 and 1192. having gone to Palestine on a similar errand of mercy, was divinely encouraged to cut the throats of such Paynims [56]Muslims. as refused to swallow the bread of life (doubtless that they might be thereafter incapacitated for swallowing the filthy gobbets [57]Lumps of food or flesh. of Mahound) [58]Variant of the name Muhammad by angels of heaven, who cried to the king and his knights,—Seigneurs, tuez! tuez! providentially using the French tongue, [59]Quoted from the English romance of Richard Coeur de Lion, wherein angels speak in French to urge Richard I to execute 60,000 captives. See George Ellis, Specimens of Early English Metrical Romances (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, 1811), 246. as being the only one understood by their auditors. This would argue for the pantoglottism [60]Ability to speak many languages. of these celestial intelligences, while, on the other hand, the Devil, teste [61]Latin, "witness." Cotton Mather, [62]Cotton Mather (1663–1728), famous Calvinist minister and author of Magnalia Christi Americana (1702). is unversed in certain of the Indian dialects. Yet must he be a semeiologist the most expert, making himself intelligible to every people and kindred by signs; no other discourse, indeed, being needful, than such as the mackerel-fisher holds with his finned quarry, who, if other bait be wanting, can by a bare bit of white rag at the end of a string captivate those foolish fishes. Such piscatorial oratory is Satan cunning in. Before one he trails a hat and feather, or a bare feather without a hat; before another, a Presidential chair, or a tidewaiter's stool, or a pulpit in the city no matter what. To us, dangling there over our heads, they seem junkets dropped out of the seventh heaven, sops dipped in nectar, but, once in our mouths, they are all one, bits of fuzzy cotton.
This, however, by the way. It is time now revocare gradum. [63]Latin, "To retrace one’s steps." From Virgil’s Aeneid. While so many miracles of this sort, vouched by eyewitnesses, have encouraged the arms of Papists, not to speak of those Dioscuri [64]In Greek and Roman mythology, Dioscuri are twin brothers often associated with sailing and horsemanship, leading armies into battle. (whom we must conclude imps of the pit) who sundry times captained the pagan Roman soldiery, it is strange that our first American crusade was not in some such wise also signalized. Yet it is said that the Lord hath manifestly prospered our armies. This opens the question, whether, when our hands are strengthened to make great slaughter of our enemies, it be absolutely and demonstratively certain that this might is added to us from above, or whether some Potentate from an opposite quarter may not have a finger in it, as there are few pies into which his meddling digits are not thrust. Would the Sanctifier and Setter-apart of the seventh day have assisted in a victory gained on the Sabbath, as was one in the late war? [65]The Battle of Cerro Gordo took place on a Sunday (April 18, 1847). Wortham, Biglow Papers, 196n. Or has that day become less an object of his especial care since the year 1697, when so manifest a providence occurred to Mr. William Trowbridge, in answer to whose prayers, when he and all on shipboard with him were starving, a dolphin was sent daily, "which was enough to serve 'em; only on Saturdays they still catched a couple, and on the Lord's Days they could catch none at all"? [66]Lowell here quotes a story from Cotton Mather’s Magnalia Christi Americana (1702). Haply they might have been permitted, by way of mortification, to take some few sculpins (those banes of the salt-water angler), which unseemly fish would, moreover, have conveyed to them a symbolical reproof for their breach of the day, being known in the rude dialect of our mariners as Cape Cod Clergymen.
It has been a refreshment to many nice consciences to know that our Chief Magistrate would not regard with eyes of approval the (by many esteemed) sinful pastime of dancing, and I own myself to be so far of that mind, that I could not but set my face against this Mexican Polka [67]Pun on President James K. Polk’s last name. Lowell refers to the fact that First Lady Sarah Polk banned dancing, card-playing, and alcohol at the White House. though danced to the Presidential piping with a Gubernatorial second. If ever the country should be seized with another such mania de propaganda fide, [68]Latin, "For the propagating of the faith." I think it would be wise to fill our bombshells with alternate copies of the Cambridge Platform [69]1648 doctrinal statement from the colonial American Congregational churches in Massachusetts and Connecticut. and the Thirty-nine Articles, [70]Defining doctrinal statements of the Church of England, first established in 1563. which would produce a mixture of the highest explosive power, and to wrap every one of our cannon-balls in a leaf of the New Testament, the reading of which is denied to those who sit in the darkness of Popery. Those iron evangelists would thus be able to disseminate vital religion and Gospel truth in quarters inaccessible to the ordinary missionary. I have seen lads, unimpregnate with the more sublimated punctiliousness of Walton, secure pickerel, taking their unwary siesta beneath the lily-pads too nigh the surface, with a gun and small shot. Why not, then, since gunpowder was unknown to the Apostles (not to enter here upon the question whether it were discovered before that period by the Chinese), suit our metaphor to the age in which we live, and say shooters as well as fishers of men? [71]Matthew 4:19: "Follow me, and I will make you fishers of men."
I do much fear that we shall be seized now and then with a Protestant fervor, as long as we have neighbour Naboths whose wallowings in Papistical mire excite our horror in exact proportion to the size and desirableness of their vineyards. [72]1 Kings 21: Naboth the Jezreelite refused to sell his vineyard to King Ahab, saying the Lord forbade him to give it. He was stoned to death. Yet I rejoice that some earnest Protestants have been made by this war,—I mean those who protested against it. Fewer they were than I could wish, for one might imagine America to have been colonized by a tribe of those nondescript African animals the Aye-Ayes, [73]Lemurs native to Madagascar. so difficult a word is No to us all. There is some malformation or defect of the vocal organs, which either prevents our uttering it at all, or gives it so thick a pronunciation as to be unintelligible. A mouth filled with the national pudding, or watering in expectation thereof, is wholly incompetent to this refractory monosyllable. An abject and herpetic [74]Of or relating to herpes. Public Opinion is the Pope, the Anti-Christ, for us to protest against e corde cordium. [75]Latin, "From the heart of hearts." And by what College of Cardinals is this our God's-vicar, our binder and looser, elected? Very like, by the sacred conclave of Tag, Rag, and Bobtail, [76]"Tag, Rag, and Bobtail" was nineteenth-century slang for the rabble. in the gracious atmosphere of the grog-shop. Yet it is of this that we must all be puppets. This thumps the pulpit-cushion, this guides the editor's pen, this wags the senator's tongue. This decides what Scriptures are canonical, and shuffles Christ away into the Apocrypha. According to that sentence fathered upon Solon, Οϋτω δημόσιον κακόν έρχεται οϊκαδ΄ έκάστωͺ. [77]Greek, "Thus public evil comes to the house of each man." Spoken by Solon (ca. 638 BC–558 BC), Athenian statesman and poet. See John David Lewis, Solon the Thinker: Political Thought in Archaic Athens (New York: Bristol Classical Press, 2008). This unclean spirit is skilful to assume various shapes. I have known it to enter my own study and nudge my elbow of a Saturday, under the semblance of a wealthy member of my congregation. It were a great blessing, if every particular of what in the sum we call popular sentiment could carry about the name of its manufacturer stamped legibly upon it. I gave a stab under the fifth rib to that pestilent fallacy,–"Our country, right or wrong," [78]Spoken by Stephen Decatur (1779–1820), a US naval officer, in 1816, but often used in debates about the US-Mexico War.—by tracing its original to a speech of Ensign Cilley at a dinner of the Bungtown Fencibles. [79]Fencibles were armed regiments raised for defensive purposes during the Revolutionary War.—H.W.]
X

Substantive Variance

[Those have not been wanting (as, indeed, when hath Satan been to seek for attorneys?) who have maintained that our late inroad upon Mexico was undertaken, not so much for the avenging of any national quarrel, as for the spreading of free institutions and of Protestantism. Capita vix duabus Anticyris medenda! [52]"Heads scarcely curable by two Anticyras." There were two towns in ancient Greece named Anticyra, both of which were known for their production of hellebore, said to be a cure for madness. Thomas Wortham, ed., The Biglow Papers [First Series], by James Russell Lowell (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1977), 194n. Verily I admire that no pious sergeant among these new Crusaders beheld Martin Luther riding at the front of the host upon a tamed pontifical bull, as, in that former invasion of Mexico, the zealous Diaz (spawn though he were of the Scarlet Woman) [53]Bernal Díaz del Castillo (1492?–1584), a Spanish conquistador who wrote A True History of the Conquest of New Spain. The "scarlet woman" is a reference to La Malinche, an Aztec woman who served as translator for Hernán Cortés and was later vilified in Mexican history. was favored with a vision of St. James of Compostella, [54]Also known as St. James the Great, one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. skewering the infidels upon his apostolical lance. We read, also, that Richard of the lion heart, [55]Richard I (1157–1199), a king of England, participated in the Third Crusade to the Holy Land between 1189 and 1192. having gone to Palestine on a similar errand of mercy, was divinely encouraged to cut the throats of such Paynims [56]Muslims. as refused to swallow the bread of life (doubtless that they might be thereafter incapacitated for swallowing the filthy gobbets [57]Lumps of food or flesh. of Mahound) [58]Variant of the name Muhammad by angels of heaven, who cried to the king and his knights,—Seigneurs, tuez! tuez! providentially using the French tongue, [59]Quoted from the English romance of Richard Coeur de Lion, wherein angels speak in French to urge Richard I to execute 60,000 captives. See George Ellis, Specimens of Early English Metrical Romances (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, 1811), 246. as being the only one understood by their auditors. This would argue for the pantoglottism [60]Ability to speak many languages. of these celestial intelligences, while, on the other hand, the Devil, teste [61]Latin, "witness." Cotton Mather, [62]Cotton Mather (1663–1728), famous Calvinist minister and author of Magnalia Christi Americana (1702). is unversed in certain of the Indian dialects. Yet must he be a semeiologist the most expert, making himself intelligible to every people and kindred by signs; no other discourse, indeed, being needful, than such as the mackerel-fisher holds with his finned quarry, who, if other bait be wanting, can by a bare bit of white rag at the end of a string captivate those foolish fishes. Such piscatorial oratory is Satan cunning in. Before one he trails a hat and feather, or a bare feather without a hat; before another, a Presidential chair, or a tidewaiter's stool, or a pulpit in the city no matter what. To us, dangling there over our heads, they seem junkets dropped out of the seventh heaven, sops dipped in nectar, but, once in our mouths, they are all one, bits of fuzzy cotton.
This, however, by the way. It is time now revocare gradum. [63]Latin, "To retrace one’s steps." From Virgil’s Aeneid. While so many miracles of this sort, vouched by eyewitnesses, have encouraged the arms of Papists, not to speak of those Dioscuri [64]In Greek and Roman mythology, Dioscuri are twin brothers often associated with sailing and horsemanship, leading armies into battle. (whom we must conclude imps of the pit) who sundry times captained the pagan Roman soldiery, it is strange that our first American crusade was not in some such wise also signalized. Yet it is said that the Lord hath manifestly prospered our armies. This opens the question, whether, when our hands are strengthened to make great slaughter of our enemies, it be absolutely and demonstratively certain that this might is added to us from above, or whether some Potentate from an opposite quarter may not have a finger in it, as there are few pies into which his meddling digits are not thrust. Would the Sanctifier and Setter-apart of the seventh day have assisted in a victory gained on the Sabbath, as was one in the late war? [65]The Battle of Cerro Gordo took place on a Sunday (April 18, 1847). Wortham, Biglow Papers, 196n. Or has that day become less an object of his especial care since the year 1697, when so manifest a providence occurred to Mr. William Trowbridge, in answer to whose prayers, when he and all on shipboard with him were starving, a dolphin was sent daily, "which was enough to serve 'em; only on Saturdays they still catched a couple, and on the Lord's Days they could catch none at all"? [66]Lowell here quotes a story from Cotton Mather’s Magnalia Christi Americana (1702). Haply they might have been permitted, by way of mortification, to take some few sculpins (those banes of the salt-water angler), which unseemly fish would, moreover, have conveyed to them a symbolical reproof for their breach of the day, being known in the rude dialect of our mariners as Cape Cod Clergymen.
It has been a refreshment to many nice consciences to know that our Chief Magistrate would not regard with eyes of approval the (by many esteemed) sinful pastime of dancing, and I own myself to be so far of that mind, that I could not but set my face against this Mexican Polka [67]Pun on President James K. Polk’s last name. Lowell refers to the fact that First Lady Sarah Polk banned dancing, card-playing, and alcohol at the White House. though danced to the Presidential piping with a Gubernatorial second. If ever the country should be seized with another such mania de propaganda fide, [68]Latin, "For the propagating of the faith." I think it would be wise to fill our bombshells with alternate copies of the Cambridge Platform [69]1648 doctrinal statement from the colonial American Congregational churches in Massachusetts and Connecticut. and the Thirty-nine Articles, [70]Defining doctrinal statements of the Church of England, first established in 1563. which would produce a mixture of the highest explosive power, and to wrap every one of our cannon-balls in a leaf of the New Testament, the reading of which is denied to those who sit in the darkness of Popery. Those iron evangelists would thus be able to disseminate vital religion and Gospel truth in quarters inaccessible to the ordinary missionary. I have seen lads, unimpregnate with the more sublimated punctiliousness of Walton, secure pickerel, taking their unwary siesta beneath the lily-pads too nigh the surface, with a gun and small shot. Why not, then, since gunpowder was unknown to the Apostles (not to enter here upon the question whether it were discovered before that period by the Chinese), suit our metaphor to the age in which we live, and say shooters as well as fishers of men? [71]Matthew 4:19: "Follow me, and I will make you fishers of men."
I do much fear that we shall be seized now and then with a Protestant fervor, as long as we have neighbour Naboths whose wallowings in Papistical mire excite our horror in exact proportion to the size and desirableness of their vineyards. [72]1 Kings 21: Naboth the Jezreelite refused to sell his vineyard to King Ahab, saying the Lord forbade him to give it. He was stoned to death. Yet I rejoice that some earnest Protestants have been made by this war,—I mean those who protested against it. Fewer they were than I could wish, for one might imagine America to have been colonized by a tribe of those nondescript African animals the Aye-Ayes, [73]Lemurs native to Madagascar. so difficult a word is No to us all. There is some malformation or defect of the vocal organs, which either prevents our uttering it at all, or gives it so thick a pronunciation as to be unintelligible. A mouth filled with the national pudding, or watering in expectation thereof, is wholly incompetent to this refractory monosyllable. An abject and herpetic [74]Of or relating to herpes. Public Opinion is the Pope, the Anti-Christ, for us to protest against e corde cordium. [75]Latin, "From the heart of hearts." And by what College of Cardinals is this our God's-vicar, our binder and looser, elected? Very like, by the sacred conclave of Tag, Rag, and Bobtail, [76]"Tag, Rag, and Bobtail" was nineteenth-century slang for the rabble. in the gracious atmosphere of the grog-shop. Yet it is of this that we must all be puppets. This thumps the pulpit-cushion, this guides the editor's pen, this wags the senator's tongue. This decides what Scriptures are canonical, and shuffles Christ away into the Apocrypha. According to that sentence fathered upon Solon, Οϋτω δημόσιον κακόν έρχεται οϊκαδ΄ έκάστωͺ. [77]Greek, "Thus public evil comes to the house of each man." Spoken by Solon (ca. 638 BC–558 BC), Athenian statesman and poet. See John David Lewis, Solon the Thinker: Political Thought in Archaic Athens (New York: Bristol Classical Press, 2008). This unclean spirit is skilful to assume various shapes. I have known it to enter my own study and nudge my elbow of a Saturday, under the semblance of a wealthy member of my congregation. It were a great blessing, if every particular of what in the sum we call popular sentiment could carry about the name of its manufacturer stamped legibly upon it. I gave a stab under the fifth rib to that pestilent fallacy,–"Our country, right or wrong," [78]Spoken by Stephen Decatur (1779–1820), a US naval officer, in 1816, but often used in debates about the US-Mexico War.—by tracing its original to a speech of Ensign Cilley at a dinner of the Bungtown Fencibles. [79]Fencibles were armed regiments raised for defensive purposes during the Revolutionary War.—H.W.]WITNESS: Meliboeus-Hipponax: The Biglow Papers. Cambridge: G. Nichols, 1848.

Notes

  1. Alexander Pope (1688–1744), canonical English poet and satirist.Go back
  2. In this passage, Parson Wilbur refers to several anecdotes in which historical figures theorized about childhood linguistic development. Wilbur mentions Sir Thomas Browne (1605–1682), an English Renaissance figure; Psammiticus (also known as Psamtik I or Psammetichus, ?–610 BC), an Egyptian king included in Herodotus’s Histories; and James IV (1473–1513), king of Scots.Go back
  3. Joseph T. Buckingham (1779–1861), editor of the Boston Courier, and according to newspaper historian Frank Luther Mott, "one of the most respected newspaper men in New England." Mott, American Journalism: A History of Newspapers in the United States through 260 Years: 1690 to 1950 (New York: Macmillan, 1950), 262.Go back
  4. Annual state militia drill.Go back
  5. A town near Concord, Massachusetts.Go back
  6. According to Lowell’s glossary in the 1848 book edition, "a sort of [military] muster in masquerade."Go back
  7. In the newspaper reprints, Biglow's note appears within the line of Sawin's verse. In the 1848 book edition, this note appears as a footnote.Go back
  8. In the newspaper reprints, Biglow's note appears within the line of Sawin's verse. In the 1848 book edition, this note appears as a footnote.Go back
  9. According to Lowell’s glossary in the 1848 book edition, "ninepence, twelve and a half cents."Go back
  10. A hangman’s rope.Go back
  11. According to Lowell’s glossary in the 1848 book edition, a "buster" is a "roistering blade; used also as a general superlative."Go back
  12. Caleb Cushing (1800–1879) was Massachusetts state legislator who defended the war (which was unpopular in Massachusetts from the outset) and urged the legislature to fund a volunteer regiment. When the Whig-dominated legislature refused, Cushing resigned and spent $12,000 of his own money to organize the First Massachusetts Volunteers regiment, of which he became colonel (he was later promoted to brigadier general). Cushing broke his ankle while stepping off a sidewalk in the Matamoros town square to make way for a Mexican woman to pass. He was subsequently mocked in the press for injuring himself while "courting senoritas." See John M. Belohlavek, "Race, Progress, and Destiny: Caleb Cushing and the Quest for American Empire” in Manifest Destiny and Empire: American Antebellum Expansionism, ed. Sam W. Haynes and Christopher Morris (College Station: University of Texas at Arlington; Texas A&M University Press, 1997), 38; and Belohlavek, Broken Glass: Caleb Cushing and the Shattering of the Union (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2005), 199.Go back
  13. Faneuil Hall, a Boston meeting hall built in 1742.Go back
  14. John Augustus Bolles (1809–1878), who was Massachusetts secretary of state in 1843, published "Essay on a Congress of Nations, for the Pacific Adjustment of International Disputes" with the American Peace Society in 1839. He presented Lieutenant Colonel Isaac Wright at the Faneuil Hall rally on January 23, 1847, on behalf of subscribers supporting the First Massachusetts Regiment. Frank Beverly Williams, "Notes," in The Writings of James Russell Lowell: Poems by James Russell Lowell (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1892), 8:400. Go back
  15. In the newspaper reprints, Biglow's note appears within the line of Sawin's verse. In the 1848 book edition, this note appears as a footnote.Go back
  16. Robert Rantoul Jr. (1805–1852), a Boston lawyer appointed as US district attorney for Massachusetts in 1846. Rantoul was best remembered for his spirited opposition to capital punishment. See Luther Hamilton, ed., Memoirs, Speeches, and Writings of Robert Rantoul (Boston: John P. Jewett, 1854).Go back
  17. According to Lowell’s glossary in the 1848 book edition, "their bowels."Go back
  18. Antonio van Zant (1810–1877), an English magician and ventriloquist who lived in the United States after 1834 and performed under the name "Signor Blitz."Go back
  19. A public institution that offered lectures, debates, drama, and entertainment to a local community. On the lyceum movement in nineteenth-century America, see Carl Bode, The American Lyceum: Town Meeting of the Mind (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1968).Go back
  20. National symbols were used to recruit volunteers, rally troops in the field, and build consensus at home. According to historian Robert Johannsen, "the Mexican War was the first national conflict in which [national symbols] played an important part. The soldiers, like their countrymen back home, saw in their symbols—the flag, the bald eagle, the national songs—objective representations of the nation's democratic faith." Johannsen, To the Halls of the Montezumas: The Mexican War in the American Imagination (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 52.Go back
  21. Dry goods: Merchandise such as textiles, ready-to-wear clothes, and other items distinct from those sold in grocery stores.Go back
  22. In the newspaper reprints, Biglow's note appears within the line of Sawin's verse. In the 1848 book edition, this note appears as a footnote.Go back
  23. Capital of Coahuila in Mexico, captured by General Zachary Taylor on November 16, 1846. US troops stationed in Saltillo fought against Mexican general Santa Anna's forces in the Battle of Buena Vista, a nearby city, in February 1847. See David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler, The Mexican War (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2006), 109–13.Go back
  24. Salt River was a popular symbol in the mid-nineteenth-century United States for political defeat. For more on this nickname, see Liz Hutter, "'Ho for Salt River!': Politics, Loss, and Satire," Common-Place 7, no. 3 (April 2007), http://www.common-place.org/vol-07/no-03/hutter/; and Hans Sperber and James N. Tidwell, "Words and Phrases in American Politics: Fact and Fiction about Salt River," American Speech 26, no. 4 (December 1951): 241–47.Go back
  25. A purplish potato grown in New England and Nova Scotia.Go back
  26. According to Lowell’s glossary in the 1848 book edition, a "whopper" is "an uncommonly large lie; as, that General Taylor is in favor of the Wilmot Proviso."Go back
  27. A rope used as a lasso.Go back
  28. In the newspaper reprints, Biglow's note appears within the line of Sawin's verse. In the 1848 book edition, this note appears as a footnote.Go back
  29. A dung beetle.Go back
  30. In the newspaper reprints, Biglow's note appears within the line of Sawin's verse. In the 1848 book edition, this note appears as a footnote.Go back
  31. Isaac Hull Wright (1814–1886) was a Massachusetts state senator before raising a company of Irishmen to serve in the First Massachusetts Regiment. He took over command of this regiment after Caleb Cushing was promoted to brigadier general. See Massachusetts Historical Society, "'Under the Commission of Massachusetts We Shall March Forward to the Mountain Plains of the Aztecs': Recruiting Volunteers for the First Massachusetts Volunteer Regiment during the Mexican War," accessed August 27, 2014, http://www.masshist.org/objects/2012november.php.Go back
  32. A bedbug.Go back
  33. Yellow fever: an acute viral disease that is spread by mosquitos and attacks the body's internal organs, including the liver, whose failure lends the sufferer's skin a yellow hue. Symptoms include nausea, fever, chills, and muscle pain. Yellow fever was a major peril for US soldiers in Mexico, and General Winfield Scott even factored in yellow fever season when planning the invasion of Veracruz in October 1846. Heidler and Heidler, The Mexican War, 89, 138n.Go back
  34. Also known as "el negro vomito," the final stage of yellow fever, wherein the victim experiences bloody vomiting. Heidler and Heidler, The Mexican War, 138n.Go back
  35. "Exile Poles": Biglow refers to a wave of Polish emigrants—many of them intellectual and political elites—during the "Great Immigration," which began after the November Uprising of 1830–31. See Slawomir R. Kalembka, "'Great' Polish Political Emigration (1831–1870)," in Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions, accessed August 27, 2014, http://www.ohio.edu/chastain/index.htm.Go back
  36. In the newspaper reprints, Biglow's note appears within the line of Sawin's verse. In the 1848 book edition, this note appears as a footnote.Go back
  37. In his seminal history of the construction of race in the United States, Reginald Horsman claims that the US-Mexico War was the "catalyst in overt adoption of racial Anglo-Saxonism." This racist discourse portrayed Mexican citizens as a "mongrel race adulterated by extensive interbreeding with Indians," and they were "lumped together with Indians and blacks as an inferior race." Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press), 198, 208–13.Go back
  38. In 1 Kings 10, the Queen of Sheba, hearing of the wisdom of Solomon of Israel, travels there to test him with a series of questions.Go back
  39. Pinions: Eagle wings. Cushing was an ardent expansionist, which he often defended in terms of Anglo-Saxon superiority. For instance, in 1857 he said, "It happens that men, nations, races, may, must, will perish before us. That is inevitable. There can be no change for the better save at the expense of that which is. Out of decay springs fresh life." Quoted in Belohlavek, "Race, Progress, and Destiny," 21.Go back
  40. "A painful and humiliating means of hurrying one by holding his seat and neck and forcing him to walk." Barbara Ann Kipfer, ed., Dictionary of American Slang, 4th ed. (New York: Collins, 2000), 186.Go back
  41. Andrew Jackson (1767–1845), the seventh US president (1829–37) and leader of the Jacksonian Democrats.Go back
  42. During General William Worth's siege of Puebla in the summer of 1847, US troops were warned that Mexican forces planned to poison them. John C. Pinheiro, Manifest Ambitions: James K. Polk and Civil-Military Relations during the Mexican War (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2007), 93.Go back
  43. Due to a shortage of iron, the Mexican army used mostly copper balls for their cannons; these were less effective than iron cannonballs because they were more lightweight, and so they often fell short of their targets. David A. Clary, Eagles and Empire: The United States, Mexico, and the Struggle for a Continent (New York: Bantam, 2009), 109, 137.Go back
  44. Desertion rates in the US-Mexico War were high. Of a total 26,922 soldiers enlisted in the regular army, 2,849 deserted; 3,900 of 59,000 volunteers deserted. Whereas regulars who deserted had bounties put on their heads, volunteers could desert or obtain discharges with relative ease, especially before their regiments arrived in Mexico. See Paul Foos, A Short, Offhand, Killing Affair: Soldiers and Social Conflict during the Mexican-American War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 100–112.Go back
  45. A nickname for Massachusetts due to its proximity to several bays.Go back
  46. To drink a small amount of alcohol.Go back
  47. Ornamental fringed shoulder piece on military uniforms in the nineteenth century.Go back
  48. According to Lowell’s glossary in the 1848 book edition, "a euphemism common in New England, for the profane English expression devilish. Perhaps derived from the belief, common formerly, that thunder was caused by the Prince of the Air, for some of whose accomplishments consult Cotton Mather."Go back
  49. "Some pork will boil so" or "some pork will boil that way" was a nineteenth-century colloquialism that meant "that's just the way it is."Go back
  50. Lingum vitae, a tree whose dense, hard wood was used to make, among other things, police truncheons and "billy clubs."Go back
  51. A tune, of English origin, played when a soldier is expelled dishonorably from the army. Oxford English Dictionary, "rogue's march," accessed August 28, 2014, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/166894.Go back
  52. "Heads scarcely curable by two Anticyras." There were two towns in ancient Greece named Anticyra, both of which were known for their production of hellebore, said to be a cure for madness. Thomas Wortham, ed., The Biglow Papers [First Series], by James Russell Lowell (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1977), 194n.Go back
  53. Bernal Díaz del Castillo (1492?–1584), a Spanish conquistador who wrote A True History of the Conquest of New Spain. The "scarlet woman" is a reference to La Malinche, an Aztec woman who served as translator for Hernán Cortés and was later vilified in Mexican history.Go back
  54. Also known as St. James the Great, one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus.Go back
  55. Richard I (1157–1199), a king of England, participated in the Third Crusade to the Holy Land between 1189 and 1192.Go back
  56. Muslims.Go back
  57. Lumps of food or flesh.Go back
  58. Variant of the name Muhammad Go back
  59. Quoted from the English romance of Richard Coeur de Lion, wherein angels speak in French to urge Richard I to execute 60,000 captives. See George Ellis, Specimens of Early English Metrical Romances (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, 1811), 246.Go back
  60. Ability to speak many languages.Go back
  61. Latin, "witness."Go back
  62. Cotton Mather (1663–1728), famous Calvinist minister and author of Magnalia Christi Americana (1702).Go back
  63. Latin, "To retrace one’s steps." From Virgil’s Aeneid.Go back
  64. In Greek and Roman mythology, Dioscuri are twin brothers often associated with sailing and horsemanship, leading armies into battle.Go back
  65. The Battle of Cerro Gordo took place on a Sunday (April 18, 1847). Wortham, Biglow Papers, 196n.Go back
  66. Lowell here quotes a story from Cotton Mather’s Magnalia Christi Americana (1702).Go back
  67. Pun on President James K. Polk’s last name. Lowell refers to the fact that First Lady Sarah Polk banned dancing, card-playing, and alcohol at the White House.Go back
  68. Latin, "For the propagating of the faith."Go back
  69. 1648 doctrinal statement from the colonial American Congregational churches in Massachusetts and Connecticut.Go back
  70. Defining doctrinal statements of the Church of England, first established in 1563.Go back
  71. Matthew 4:19: "Follow me, and I will make you fishers of men."Go back
  72. 1 Kings 21: Naboth the Jezreelite refused to sell his vineyard to King Ahab, saying the Lord forbade him to give it. He was stoned to death.Go back
  73. Lemurs native to Madagascar.Go back
  74. Of or relating to herpes.Go back
  75. Latin, "From the heart of hearts."Go back
  76. "Tag, Rag, and Bobtail" was nineteenth-century slang for the rabble.Go back
  77. Greek, "Thus public evil comes to the house of each man." Spoken by Solon (ca. 638 BC–558 BC), Athenian statesman and poet. See John David Lewis, Solon the Thinker: Political Thought in Archaic Athens (New York: Bristol Classical Press, 2008).Go back
  78. Spoken by Stephen Decatur (1779–1820), a US naval officer, in 1816, but often used in debates about the US-Mexico War.Go back
  79. Fencibles were armed regiments raised for defensive purposes during the Revolutionary War.Go back