{"data":{"allPeopleJson":{"nodes":[{"name":"Concha Michel","places":["Mexico City"],"image":"Concha_Michel.jpeg","notes":"<p>\nConcha Michel was a singer, playwright, folklorist, and activist. She was good friends with Frida Kahlo and Aurora Reyes, inspiring several of their paintings. As an active member of Frances Toor's circle, she contributed several pieces to <i>Mexican Folkways</i>. Three significant, intertwined causes governed Michel's activities: 1) Mexican post-Revolutionary nationalism; 2) communism; 3) feminism. \n</p>\n<p>\nIn each case, Michel was sufficiently courageous and contrarian to shape an idiosyncratic path, sometimes at odds with her fellow activists. Although she did not adopt the label \"feminist,\" her observation of and protest against anti-female bias at Communist meetings led to her expulsion from the party in 1933. For the remainder of her life, she advocated for equal treatment for women, claiming that the State needed the duality of men and women in leadership roles.\n</p>\n<p>\nIt is hard to determine the exact nature of Michel's research and performance of Mexican song, as few programs from her performances still exist, and there are no known recordings. From the available evidence, it appears that Michel performed a variety of repertoire including widely known traditional <i>canciones</i>, less-known regionals songs from her ethnographic and historical research, and newly written songs she composed.\n</p> \n<p>\nAlthough Mabel Dodge describes Concha Michel's performance as \"empty,\" contemporaries found great meaning in Michel's work. The repertoire Michel performed, which included corridos (ballads) and canciones (usually love songs with poetic descriptions of the Mexican landscape) was closely associated with post-Revolutionary nationalism. Additionally Michel often performed at events imbued with activist energy—marches, rallies, gallery show openings, campaign events. She toured the country with Lázaro Cárdenas, who became the President of Mexico in 1936, performing at his appearances and collecting songs along the way.\n</p>\n<p>\nWithin Chapter 13 of Mabel Dodge's memoir, Concha appears as a foil for Tony Luhan, demonstrating the relative value of Tony's musical approach. Mabel Dodge is most concerned with the reactions of the male musicians, Leopold Stokowski and Carlos Chávez, who apparently reacted to Tony's performance with surprise and excitement. Although Mabel Dodge interprets their responses as definitive valuations, they are probably more easily explained as reactions to difference rather than quality. \n</p>","descriptors":[{"type":"Feminist","function":"Philosophy","gloss":"Most of the women featured in <i>Whirling Around Mexico</i>, including Mabel Dodge, were born in the decades before the turn of the 20th century and grew to rebel against the strictures of their gendered upbringings. Each of them pursued public lives that extended far beyond the bounds of home and family. Ida Rauh was an actress. Frances Toor and Elsie Clews Parsons were anthropologists. Concha Michel was a singer and song collector. Emma Goldman was a speaker and anarchist. All of them were activists for various causes, many related to social and sexual freedoms. As with other philosophical stances, not every person marked as feminist always claimed the label; I use it here to indicate a strong relationship to causes associated with gender equality."},{"type":"Communist sympathies (known)","function":"Philosophy","gloss":"In the post-Cold War environment of the 2020s, \"communism\" retains an indelible connection to Stalin's totalitarian government. In 1930, the term did not have such a fixed or negative connotation, and in the midst of a global depression and a growing workers rights movement, communism and the set of ideas associated with it were at their height of popularity in both the U.S. and Mexico. Several of those listed in this category were never communist party members and would later renounce their affiliation. More than those listed entertained ideas associated with communism but did not become politically active. But despite the difficulty in providing a fixed definition or a definite personnel list, communist ideas were influential on the people and activities described in Mabel Dodge's memoir."},{"type":"Indigenismo","function":"Philosophy","gloss":"<i>Indigenismo</i> is a philosophical stance closely associated with Manuel Gamio and his book <i>Forjando patria</i>. It celebrates the preconquest history and cultural contributions of native people in Mexico and proposes to shape a unifying national mythology around select native stories, ideas, and practices. Simultaneously it invites native people to join the national imaginary through integration. Through Gamio's leadership in the Mexican government, the creation and indoctrination of this new national story occurred largely through arts, cultural institutions, and public schooling. "},{"type":"Composer","function":"Profession/ Role","gloss":"This term is applied to anyone who wrote and presented original music, either in publication or in performance."},{"type":"Scholar","function":"Profession/ Role","gloss":"In this case scholar refers to someone who researches and writes on a specific topic, rather than a person with a certain degree or professional position. "},{"type":"Performer","function":"Profession/ Role","gloss":"These are people who either perform in the context of the memoir or who perform as part of their professional identity beyond the memoir."},{"type":"In action of text","function":"Relational web","gloss":"These are people who are in the activity of the memoir, either as part of the party or as participants in the concert."},{"type":"Friend of friend","function":"Relational web","gloss":"These are people who are present in the memoir primarily as close friends of others rather than of Mabel Dodge. "}]},{"name":"Mabel Dodge Luhan","places":["Taos, New Mexico","New York, New York","Mexico City"],"image":"MDL in Sarape.jpg","notes":"<p>\nArts patron and doyenne of Taos salon, Mabel Dodge Luhan was born into an upper-class family in Buffalo, New York. Although given a proper Victorian up-bringing, Mabel rebelled early, first by marrying against her father's wishes and they by launching a series of extra-marital affairs. By 1905 she was living in Florence, Italy with her second husband, the architect Edwin Dodge. While there she ran a salon out of their home, Villa Curonia, a palace originally created for the Medici family. \n</p>\n<p>\nUpon return to the U.S. in 1912, Mabel Dodge, now largely estranged from her husband, began another salon out of Greenwich Village focused on political engagement. Nominally involved in the 1913 Armory show, Mabel Dodge most influential activity centered around the Paterson Silk strike and the subsequent protest movement. With her lover, John Reed, Mabel Dodge created The Paterson Strike Pageant staged in Madison Square Garden on June 7, 1913. Following Frank Tannenbaum's arrest at a related protest, Mabel Dodge raised money for bail through a series of articles for New York newspapers.\n</p>\n<p>\nDodge initially came to New Mexico because her third husband, artist Maurice Sterne, wanted to paint the southwestern countryside. While there she purchased a large tract of land and began building a house for herself, which she named Los Gallos in honor of the ceramic roosters decorating the porch roof. Eventually the land contained one large main house for her and several smaller cabins for guests. She also fell in love with the beauty of the land, the principles of Native life (as she understood them), and with Tony Luhan, a member of the Pueblo Nation.\n</p>\n<p>\nAlthough she continued to travel widely, Mabel Dodge lived in Taos the rest of her life. In addition to writing her memoirs and hosting guests, Dodge established herself as a spokesperson for the community. She published columns in local and national columns and campaigned on behalf of causes important to her and the surrounding community.  She fostered an art culture in the Santa Fe environs that still endures, and she facilitated the imagery of the U.S. Southwest that emerged in Modern literary, visual, and performing arts.\n</p>","descriptors":[{"type":"Feminist","function":"Philosophy","gloss":"Most of the women featured in <i>Whirling Around Mexico</i>, including Mabel Dodge, were born in the decades before the turn of the 20th century and grew to rebel against the strictures of their gendered upbringings. Each of them pursued public lives that extended far beyond the bounds of home and family. Ida Rauh was an actress. Frances Toor and Elsie Clews Parsons were anthropologists. Concha Michel was a singer and song collector. Emma Goldman was a speaker and anarchist. All of them were activists for various causes, many related to social and sexual freedoms. As with other philosophical stances, not every person marked as feminist always claimed the label; I use it here to indicate a strong relationship to causes associated with gender equality."},{"type":"Communist sympathies (known)","function":"Philosophy","gloss":"In the post-Cold War environment of the 2020s, \"communism\" retains an indelible connection to Stalin's totalitarian government. In 1930, the term did not have such a fixed or negative connotation, and in the midst of a global depression and a growing workers rights movement, communism and the set of ideas associated with it were at their height of popularity in both the U.S. and Mexico. Several of those listed in this category were never communist party members and would later renounce their affiliation. More than those listed entertained ideas associated with communism but did not become politically active. But despite the difficulty in providing a fixed definition or a definite personnel list, communist ideas were influential on the people and activities described in Mabel Dodge's memoir."},{"type":"Writer","function":"Profession/ Role","gloss":"All those listed as \"writers\" published pieces in the popular or scholarly press."},{"type":"Member of salon","function":"Relational web","gloss":"This phrase refers to those who spent time on Mabel Dodge's property in Taos either before or after the period depicted in the memoir."},{"type":"In action of text","function":"Relational web","gloss":"These are people who are in the activity of the memoir, either as part of the party or as participants in the concert."}]},{"name":"Una Jeffers","places":["Taos, New Mexico"],"image":"una jeffers.jpeg","notes":"<p>\nThere are only a few references to \"Una\" in Chapter 13 and 14 without any surname given. Although it is hard to be sure, it is possible these are references to Una Jeffers, who was a close friend in Mabel Dodge's circle during the early 1930s. Una Jeffers was married to the poet Robinson Jeffers. For a period of several years, the Jeffers and their young boys visited Mabel Dodge in Taos every summer as a break from their home in Carmel, California. \n</p>\n<p>\nWhile it is possible that Una Jeffers accompanied Mabel Dodge for some or all of her trip to Mexico in 1930, her appearance in the memoir is nonetheless curious. According to James Karman, who edited and introduced the re-publication of Edith Greenan's biography <i>Of Una Jeffers</i>, Mabel Dodge and Una Jeffers underwent a significant break in 1938. That year, while in Taos, Mabel convinced Robinson Jeffers to engage in a flirtation and possible affair with another visitor to the salon, in the hopes that the interactions would boast his mood and lift his writer's block. \n</p>\n<p>\nUpon discovering the betrayal, Una attempted suicide, and the couple left Mabel's circle. By 1946, when Mabel was working on the manuscript the friends had been estranged for nearly a decade. It is hard, too, to interpret Una's inclusion in the memoir as a conciliatory gesture as Mabel describes her in somewhat unflattering terms.  \n</p>\n<p>\nThe Una in this manuscript is a professional or amateur singer and leaves Mexico for New York. Una Jeffers was neither a singer nor based in New York during these years, additional reasons the Una in <i>Whirling Around Mexico</i> is a different person from Una Jeffers. \n</p>","descriptors":[{"type":"Feminist","function":"Philosophy","gloss":"Most of the women featured in <i>Whirling Around Mexico</i>, including Mabel Dodge, were born in the decades before the turn of the 20th century and grew to rebel against the strictures of their gendered upbringings. Each of them pursued public lives that extended far beyond the bounds of home and family. Ida Rauh was an actress. Frances Toor and Elsie Clews Parsons were anthropologists. Concha Michel was a singer and song collector. Emma Goldman was a speaker and anarchist. All of them were activists for various causes, many related to social and sexual freedoms. As with other philosophical stances, not every person marked as feminist always claimed the label; I use it here to indicate a strong relationship to causes associated with gender equality."},{"type":"Communist sympathies (known)","function":"Philosophy","gloss":"In the post-Cold War environment of the 2020s, \"communism\" retains an indelible connection to Stalin's totalitarian government. In 1930, the term did not have such a fixed or negative connotation, and in the midst of a global depression and a growing workers rights movement, communism and the set of ideas associated with it were at their height of popularity in both the U.S. and Mexico. Several of those listed in this category were never communist party members and would later renounce their affiliation. More than those listed entertained ideas associated with communism but did not become politically active. But despite the difficulty in providing a fixed definition or a definite personnel list, communist ideas were influential on the people and activities described in Mabel Dodge's memoir."},{"type":"Performer","function":"Profession/ Role","gloss":"These are people who either perform in the context of the memoir or who perform as part of their professional identity beyond the memoir."},{"type":"Writer","function":"Profession/ Role","gloss":"All those listed as \"writers\" published pieces in the popular or scholarly press."},{"type":"Member of salon","function":"Relational web","gloss":"This phrase refers to those who spent time on Mabel Dodge's property in Taos either before or after the period depicted in the memoir."},{"type":"In action of text","function":"Relational web","gloss":"These are people who are in the activity of the memoir, either as part of the party or as participants in the concert."},{"type":"Friend","function":"Relational web","gloss":"These are close members of Mabel Dodge's circle, as indicated by the memoir or secondary source material. "}]},{"name":"Richard Wagner","places":[],"image":"Richard_Wagner,_Paris,_1861.jpeg","notes":"<p>\nRichard Wagner was a 19th-century composer of epic operas with lush, expansive orchestral scores. By the turn of the 20th century both the overtures and the interstitial music were standard selections on orchestra concerts. Being able to conduct a large Wagnerian orchestra well was the mark of an accomplished conductor, and Stokowski's reputation was founded, in part, on his ability to navigate such difficulties with emotional nuance and showmanship. Stokowski was so renown as a conductor that frequently audience members traveled from New York to see and hear the Philadelphia Symphony Orchestra, which he directed.\n</p>\n<p>\nChávez's orchestra was created in opposition to this model. He made a point of programming contemporary music, usually in the  French-Russian tradition. Although Chávez presented himself as a star, he was also eager to broaden his audience through invitations to guest conductors, of which Stokowski was an early example. With Chávez presenting Ravel's <i>Daphnis et Chloé</i> and his own <i>Los cuatro soles</i>, and Stokowski conducting Wagner, this performance showcased the musicians' differences in repertoire and performance style, something Mabel Dodge captures in her description.\n</p>","descriptors":[{"type":"Referenced in text","function":"Relational web","gloss":"These are people who are referenced in the text but do not actually appear in the activity of the text. "}]},{"name":"Pancho Villa","places":[],"image":"Pancho Villa.jpeg","notes":"<p>\nFrancisco \"Pancho\" Villa was  the populist leader of northern armies during the Mexican Revolution. He led a rag-tag group of recruits to numerous military victories, first against the Porfirio Díaz regime, then against Victoriano Huerta. After that Villa joined forces with Emiliano Zapata, who represented the agricultural southern part of Mexico, against Venustiano Carranza, a former ally.  After Zapata and Villa captured Mexico city from Carranza they met at the San Ángel Inn to divide the country into Northern and Southern territories. \n</p>\n<p>\nVilla had two talents that were instrumental to his successes: \n1) He was familiar with the culture and topography of Northern Mexican towns, allowing him to conduct a highly successful guerilla campaign from the mountainous regions. This skill became especially apparent in 1916 when, following an excursion across the U.S.-Mexican border, U.S. General John Pershing crossed into Mexico in order to find and capture Villa—which turned into a complete folly. \n</p>\n<p>\n2) Villa was aware of the power of press and publicity, even upon a populace that was largely illiterate. As a result, he was mythologized during his lifetime in <i>corridos</i> (Mexican ballads), in cartoons and murals, and in press articles both in Mexico and abroad. John Reed was among the reporters granted access to Villa. Mabel Dodge, who was then Reed's lover, accompanied Reed to the U.S.-Mexico border, but did not participate in the interview itself. That trip was probably Mabel Dodge's first visit to Mexico.\n</p>\n<p>\nBy 1930, Villa had been dead several years. After surviving the enormous bloodshed of the revolution, Villa was killed in a political assassination in 1923 because he threatened to complicate the transfer of power from Álvaro Obregón to Plutarco Elías Calles. Villa was the subject of so much mythologizing that it is hard to distinguish fact from fiction, but the stories ensured that his legacy extended well beyond the end of his life. After his assassination, the post-Revolutionary government smoothed over the many internal disagreements to claim Villa as one of their own. \n</p>","descriptors":[{"type":"Referenced in text","function":"Relational web","gloss":"These are people who are referenced in the text but do not actually appear in the activity of the text. "}]},{"name":"Manuel Gamio","places":["Mexico City","New York, New York"],"image":"Manuel_Gamio.jpeg","notes":"<p>\nManuel Gamio does not appear in Mabel Dodge's memoir, but his legacy influences both the activity and meaning of her text. He was a student of Franz Boas at Columbia University and the author of a pro-revolutionary book, Forjando patria (1916).  Following Boas, Gamio rejected the then-popular eugenics model of nation-building, which advocated cohesion through racial identity. Instead, he favored the creation of a nation centered on the cultivation of a unified culture. \n</p>\n<p>\nThe problem the post-revolutionary government faced, according to Gamio, was that Native communities were quasi-autonomous, with a separate cultural identity. To integrate Native culture with national culture (i.e., the urban, Eurocentric model found in Mexican cities), Gamio proposed a two-part plan. He wanted to elevate select Native cultural products and preconquest mythologies, creating out of these elements a centralized narrative about national identity. Simultaneously, he proposed inviting Native peoples to participate in the modern nation through education and social welfare programs, in the hopes that they would abandon their devotion to local, culturally specific governing mechanisms.  Gamio’s philosophical stance is often called <i>indigenismo</i>.\n</p>\n<p>\nThe nation-building activities of the early twentieth century created a nationalist narrative still embraced by many urbanites in Mexico. The effectiveness of these programs on rural Native populations is more difficult to ascertain. In these areas, the implementation of reforms was uneven, partly because reformers met with nearly continual resistance.  \n</p>\n<p>\nDuring most of the Revolution, Gamio held posts within the Mexican government, eventually rising to undersecretary of education in 1924. Although he left his position with the Mexican government in 1925, he continued to be an influential bridge figure between the US and Mexico, allowing US archaeologists and anthropologists access to Mexican lands and people. At times, such activities yielded enormous support abroad for the newly formed Mexican nation. Tannenbaum was one individual who benefited from Gamio’s largesse, and, partly as a result, Tannenbaum publicly celebrated post-revolutionary Mexico. In 1929 Tannenbaum published his first book about the country, The Mexican Agrarian Revolution. During the period documented in “Whirling Around Mexico,” Tannenbaum was doing research for his second book about the country, Peace by Revolution (1933). A third book came out in 1950, Mexico: The Struggle for Peace and Bread. \n</p>\n<p>\nAnother of Gamio’s transnational followers was Frances Toor, an anthropologist and US expatriate living in Mexico. As editor of Mexican Folkways (1925–1931), Toor was an audible and early voice in favor of an Indianist view of the Mexican nation that was broadcast to a bilingual and implicitly bicultural audience. The table of contents throughout its entire run reads like a social guide to the Mexican intellectual elite of the day. Contributors included (although were not by any means limited to) Alfonso Caso, Miguel Othón de Mendizábal, Salvador Novo, Miguel Covarrubias, Manuel Ponce, Tata Nacho, Jean Charlot, Anita Brenner, Elsie Clews Parsons, Carleton Beals, and Tina Modotti.  \n</p>","descriptors":[{"type":"Indigenismo","function":"Philosophy","gloss":"<i>Indigenismo</i> is a philosophical stance closely associated with Manuel Gamio and his book <i>Forjando patria</i>. It celebrates the preconquest history and cultural contributions of native people in Mexico and proposes to shape a unifying national mythology around select native stories, ideas, and practices. Simultaneously it invites native people to join the national imaginary through integration. Through Gamio's leadership in the Mexican government, the creation and indoctrination of this new national story occurred largely through arts, cultural institutions, and public schooling. "},{"type":"Anthropologist","function":"Profession/ Role","gloss":"Here the term \"anthropologist\" is applied to anyone who studied culture and cultural production."},{"type":"Employed by Mexican Government","function":"Profession/ Role","gloss":"The period depicted in the memoir was one of continuing political instability and financial difficulty in Mexico. Some of those listed derived their main income from the Mexican government for a period proximate to the events detailed in <i>Whirling Around Mexico</i>, like Moisés Sáenz. Others, like Frances Toor, received small stipends for a short amount of time to fund specific projects. "},{"type":"Writer","function":"Profession/ Role","gloss":"All those listed as \"writers\" published pieces in the popular or scholarly press."},{"type":"Scholar","function":"Profession/ Role","gloss":"In this case scholar refers to someone who researches and writes on a specific topic, rather than a person with a certain degree or professional position. "},{"type":"Associated with Franz Boas or Columbia University","function":"Relational web","gloss":"Franz Boas was the best known representative of the community coming out of Columbia University who pushed against prevailing eugenicist theories in anthropology. He recruited international students, including Manuel Gamio, who absorbed his ideas and applied them to the political and social realities of their home countries. "}]},{"name":"Frederick Paul Keppel","places":["New York, New York"],"image":"Frederick_Paul_Keppel_1918.jpeg","notes":"<p>\nFrederick Paul Keppel was a graduate of Columbia University. He began his career in publishing, but returned to Columbia to work in administrative positions, including serving as a Dean. Later he became president of the Carnegie Corporation of New York from 1923 to 1941—that was his position during the time period depicted in Mabel Dodge's memoir. \n</p>\n<p>\nKeppel led the Carnegie Corporation during a period when U.S. influence abroad was growing, partly through the spending of philanthropic organizations. His name is mentioned in the memoir in relation to a press event organized by Frances Flynn Paine and featuring Leopold Stokowski and Frances Toor. Possibly Keppel was involved in the Mexican Arts Association, the organization Paine founded which facilitated Stokowski's visit to Mexico.\n</p>","descriptors":[{"type":"Associated with Franz Boas or Columbia University","function":"Relational web","gloss":"Franz Boas was the best known representative of the community coming out of Columbia University who pushed against prevailing eugenicist theories in anthropology. He recruited international students, including Manuel Gamio, who absorbed his ideas and applied them to the political and social realities of their home countries. "},{"type":"Referenced in text","function":"Relational web","gloss":"These are people who are referenced in the text but do not actually appear in the activity of the text. "}]},{"name":"Moisés Sáenz","places":["Mexico City","New York, New York"],"image":"Moisés_Sáenz.jpeg","notes":"<p>\nMoisés Sáenz was an influential figure in the <i>indigenismo</i> movement both within Mexico and abroad. Educated in the U.S. and Paris, Saénz earned a Ph.D. from Columbia University where he studied with John Dewey. He became the Mexican sub-secretary of Education in 1925, serving under the administrations of Plutarco Elías Calles and Emilio Portes Gil. In that position he oversaw a vast expansion of the public school system. Building on Dewey's ideas, he strove to provide high school education across the country. The schools were part of a broader integrationist program, providing education in poor, rural Native communities ostensibly in exchange for those communities' assimilation and participation in the post-Revolutionary agenda. Although the expansion of public schooling dramatically increased literacy rates in Mexico, it was extremely controversial, and it has been cited as one of the major factors motivating the Cristero Rebellions of 1926. \n</p>\n<p>\nThe period depicted in Mabel Dodge's memoir is at the end of Sáenz's government service, and at the beginning of his renown as a scholar and diplomat. By 1946, when Mabel Dodge was writing the memoir, Sáenz was working throughout the Americas to advance <i>indigenismo</i>, now fashioned as pluralist rather than assimilationist concept. He was a key organizer of the Instituto Indigenista Interamericano(III) convened in Pátzcuaro, Mexico in 1940. The meeting included delegates from 19 countries in the Americas and issued a call for policies that would simultaneously seek to modernize and promote Native culture (an impossible paradox).\n</p>\n<p>\nJust as his school reforms of the 1920s were highly influenced by his association with John Dewey, so the ideas promoted during the 1940s were influenced by his connections within the U.S. At the III, John Collier, the long-term Commissioner for Indian Affairs in the U.S., was a prominent voice. Within the U.S. Collier was known as a strong advocate for Native autonomy. He reversed policies that infringed on Native land rights and reduced Native autonomy. In this approach he was extraordinarily influenced by his association with Mabel Dodge Luhan, who had introduced him to Pueblo culture and advocacy on behalf of Native causes long before his appointment in the Franklin D. Roosevelt  administration. It is possible that Dodge introduced Sáenz to Collier, although it is also possible that they knew each other from their mutual association with Columbia University, where Collier also studied. \n</p>\n<p>\nThis chapter presents Mabel Dodge in the guise of cultural critic, presenting an evaluation of Native and Mestizo musical performances. In other chapters, Mabel Dodge visits a Native community to witness the opening of a new school—an event she describes in glowing terms. Throughout it is clear that the author seeks to apply what she knows about Native-Anglo relationships from Taos to post-Revolutionary Mexico. By inserting Sáenz into her narrative, she seeks to legitimize her stance with his (implicit) stamp of approval, and possibly also claim some credit for the events that happened after the period being documented. \n</p>","descriptors":[{"type":"Indigenismo","function":"Philosophy","gloss":"<i>Indigenismo</i> is a philosophical stance closely associated with Manuel Gamio and his book <i>Forjando patria</i>. It celebrates the preconquest history and cultural contributions of native people in Mexico and proposes to shape a unifying national mythology around select native stories, ideas, and practices. Simultaneously it invites native people to join the national imaginary through integration. Through Gamio's leadership in the Mexican government, the creation and indoctrination of this new national story occurred largely through arts, cultural institutions, and public schooling. "},{"type":"Writer","function":"Profession/ Role","gloss":"All those listed as \"writers\" published pieces in the popular or scholarly press."},{"type":"Employed by Mexican Government","function":"Profession/ Role","gloss":"The period depicted in the memoir was one of continuing political instability and financial difficulty in Mexico. Some of those listed derived their main income from the Mexican government for a period proximate to the events detailed in <i>Whirling Around Mexico</i>, like Moisés Sáenz. Others, like Frances Toor, received small stipends for a short amount of time to fund specific projects. "},{"type":"Scholar","function":"Profession/ Role","gloss":"In this case scholar refers to someone who researches and writes on a specific topic, rather than a person with a certain degree or professional position. "},{"type":"Member of salon","function":"Relational web","gloss":"This phrase refers to those who spent time on Mabel Dodge's property in Taos either before or after the period depicted in the memoir."},{"type":"Associated with Franz Boas or Columbia University","function":"Relational web","gloss":"Franz Boas was the best known representative of the community coming out of Columbia University who pushed against prevailing eugenicist theories in anthropology. He recruited international students, including Manuel Gamio, who absorbed his ideas and applied them to the political and social realities of their home countries. "},{"type":"In action of text","function":"Relational web","gloss":"These are people who are in the activity of the memoir, either as part of the party or as participants in the concert."},{"type":"Friend","function":"Relational web","gloss":"These are close members of Mabel Dodge's circle, as indicated by the memoir or secondary source material. "}]},{"name":"Frank Crowninshield","places":["New York, New York"],"image":"Francis_Crowninshield.jpeg","notes":"<p>\nFrank Crowninshield was an arts critic and editor most famous for being an editor of <i>Vanity Fair</i> (1914-1936). In the months leading up to his appointment as editor, Crowninsheild was a champion of the famous 1913 Armory show that announced the arrival of modernism to the New York arts community. While at <i>Vanity Fair</i>, Crowninshield was purposeful about making the magazine a middlebrow entry point to modernist discourse.\n</p>\n<p> \nChávez's good friend Miguel Covarrubias made his reputation as a visual satirist in the pages of <i>Vanity Fair</i> with his exaggerated caricatures of famous personalities. Crowninshield was a founding member of the Mexican Arts Association, an organization Frances Flynn Paine created with the support of John D. Rockefeller to promote cultural relations between the U.S. and Mexico. Mabel Dodge's off-handed reference to Crowninshield in <i>Whirling Around Mexico</i> is a pointed signal to contemporary readers of her connection to and insider knowledge of the modernist community and its mutually beneficial relationship with the press.\n</p>","descriptors":[{"type":"Writer","function":"Profession/ Role","gloss":"All those listed as \"writers\" published pieces in the popular or scholarly press."},{"type":"Referenced in text","function":"Relational web","gloss":"These are people who are referenced in the text but do not actually appear in the activity of the text. "},{"type":"Friend of friend","function":"Relational web","gloss":"These are people who are present in the memoir primarily as close friends of others rather than of Mabel Dodge. "}]},{"name":"Carlos Chávez","places":["Mexico City","New York, New York"],"image":"Chavez.jpeg","notes":"<p>\nDuring the period depicted in <i>Whirling Around Mexico</i>, Carlos Chávez was on the precipice of an extremely promising career. He returned to Mexico from an apprenticeship in New York City in 1928. In New York, he lived in Greenwich Village with the painter Rufino Tamayo and attended parties with the artist Miguel Covarrubias. In certain circles, Chávez became well-known for his Pan-American aesthetic and discourse, which combined an interest in the sounds of pre-Conquest Mexico with an attachment to cosmopolitan Modernism. By the time Chávez was living there, Mabel Dodge had left Greenwich Village and was firmly ensconced in Taos, although her influence on the arts scene continued.\n </p>\n<p>\nUpon return to Mexico City, Chávez took over the then-failing Orquesta Sinfónica de México (OSM), turning it into a professional organization catering to an audience of locals and tourists alike. Among the attractions of the OSM was its aggressive programming of new music, which was as rare in the U.S. as it was in Mexico. Although his primary source of employment was in Mexico City, Chávez continued to aspire to have an international reputation facilitated through the New York modernist community. To that end, he formed a partnership with Frances Flynn Paine to arrange a premiere of one of his ballets in or around New York. The invitation extended to Leopold Stokowski to lead the OSM and the performance of <i>Los cuatro soles</i> documented in Chapter 14, were in service to this larger ambition—one that was realized with Stokowski's premiere of Chávez's <i>H.P.</i> in March 1932. \n</p>\n<p>\nChávez continued to be in touch with Mabel Dodge even after she left Mexico, visiting Taos and writing letters back and forth about various unrealized projects. Perhaps the most lasting influence of their friendship was a continued evolution in how each regarded \"indigenismo\". For Chávez, that process culminated with the performance of his piece Xochipilli-Macuilxóchitl: Imagined Aztec Music at the Museum of Modern Art in 1940. \n</p>","descriptors":[{"type":"Indigenismo","function":"Philosophy","gloss":"<i>Indigenismo</i> is a philosophical stance closely associated with Manuel Gamio and his book <i>Forjando patria</i>. It celebrates the preconquest history and cultural contributions of native people in Mexico and proposes to shape a unifying national mythology around select native stories, ideas, and practices. Simultaneously it invites native people to join the national imaginary through integration. Through Gamio's leadership in the Mexican government, the creation and indoctrination of this new national story occurred largely through arts, cultural institutions, and public schooling. "},{"type":"Performer","function":"Profession/ Role","gloss":"These are people who either perform in the context of the memoir or who perform as part of their professional identity beyond the memoir."},{"type":"Composer","function":"Profession/ Role","gloss":"This term is applied to anyone who wrote and presented original music, either in publication or in performance."},{"type":"Employed by Mexican Government","function":"Profession/ Role","gloss":"The period depicted in the memoir was one of continuing political instability and financial difficulty in Mexico. Some of those listed derived their main income from the Mexican government for a period proximate to the events detailed in <i>Whirling Around Mexico</i>, like Moisés Sáenz. Others, like Frances Toor, received small stipends for a short amount of time to fund specific projects. "},{"type":"Writer","function":"Profession/ Role","gloss":"All those listed as \"writers\" published pieces in the popular or scholarly press."},{"type":"Member of salon","function":"Relational web","gloss":"This phrase refers to those who spent time on Mabel Dodge's property in Taos either before or after the period depicted in the memoir."},{"type":"Referenced in text","function":"Relational web","gloss":"These are people who are referenced in the text but do not actually appear in the activity of the text. "},{"type":"In action of text","function":"Relational web","gloss":"These are people who are in the activity of the memoir, either as part of the party or as participants in the concert."}]},{"name":"Paul Kellogg","places":[],"image":"","notes":"<p>\nPaul Underwood Kellogg was a progressive social reformer who worked and advocated for with poor populations in New York City and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He was the editor of <i>Survey</i> magazine, and published articles in support of unionization. Frank Tannenbaum's first articles about Mexico were published in the <i>Survey</i>, and he retained a close association with Kellogg and the publication. \n</p>","descriptors":[{"type":"Associated with Franz Boas or Columbia University","function":"Relational web","gloss":"Franz Boas was the best known representative of the community coming out of Columbia University who pushed against prevailing eugenicist theories in anthropology. He recruited international students, including Manuel Gamio, who absorbed his ideas and applied them to the political and social realities of their home countries. "},{"type":"Referenced in text","function":"Relational web","gloss":"These are people who are referenced in the text but do not actually appear in the activity of the text. "}]},{"name":"Frank Tannenbaum","places":["Mexico City","New York, New York"],"image":"Tannenbaum.jpg","notes":"<p>\nIn <i>Whirling Around Mexico</i> Frank Tannenbaum provides Mabel Dodge with the reason for her visit. Their friendship began when both were living in New York City. At that time Tannenbaum was a Union officer for the International Workers of the World (IWW or \"Wobblies\"). He became a central figure in Mabel's salon out of Greenwich Village. His arrest during an International Workers of the World (IWW) protest was a <i>cause celebré</i>, publicized through Mabel Dodge's columns in New York newspapers. In the aftermath of his relatively brief stint in prison, Tannenbaum began a campaign for prison reform, culminating in a book, <i>Wall Shadows: A Study in American Prisons</i>. \n</p>\n<p>\nBy the time the Luhans arrived in Mexico, Tannenbaum had moved on to a new professional identity. He was finishing a Ph.D. in economics from the Brookings Institute with a study on  post-Revolutionary Mexico. His work resulted in two books, <i>The Mexican Agrarian Revolution</i> (1930) and <i>Place by Revolution</i> (1933), and they established his expertise on Latin America. \n</p> \n<p>\nBy 1935, he had joined the faculty at Columbia University, where he had been an undergraduate student over a decade earlier. His program in Latin American Studies was influential because of its heterodox approach, with a wide variety of nationalities and disciplines represented among the speakers. Tannenbaum's work on prison reform continues to be influential, and, as shown in Dodge's memoir, he was a key figure in U.S.-Mexican cultural exchange. \n</p>","descriptors":[{"type":"Communist sympathies (known)","function":"Philosophy","gloss":"In the post-Cold War environment of the 2020s, \"communism\" retains an indelible connection to Stalin's totalitarian government. In 1930, the term did not have such a fixed or negative connotation, and in the midst of a global depression and a growing workers rights movement, communism and the set of ideas associated with it were at their height of popularity in both the U.S. and Mexico. Several of those listed in this category were never communist party members and would later renounce their affiliation. More than those listed entertained ideas associated with communism but did not become politically active. But despite the difficulty in providing a fixed definition or a definite personnel list, communist ideas were influential on the people and activities described in Mabel Dodge's memoir."},{"type":"Indigenismo","function":"Philosophy","gloss":"<i>Indigenismo</i> is a philosophical stance closely associated with Manuel Gamio and his book <i>Forjando patria</i>. It celebrates the preconquest history and cultural contributions of native people in Mexico and proposes to shape a unifying national mythology around select native stories, ideas, and practices. Simultaneously it invites native people to join the national imaginary through integration. Through Gamio's leadership in the Mexican government, the creation and indoctrination of this new national story occurred largely through arts, cultural institutions, and public schooling. "},{"type":"Scholar","function":"Profession/ Role","gloss":"In this case scholar refers to someone who researches and writes on a specific topic, rather than a person with a certain degree or professional position. "},{"type":"Employed by Mexican Government","function":"Profession/ Role","gloss":"The period depicted in the memoir was one of continuing political instability and financial difficulty in Mexico. Some of those listed derived their main income from the Mexican government for a period proximate to the events detailed in <i>Whirling Around Mexico</i>, like Moisés Sáenz. Others, like Frances Toor, received small stipends for a short amount of time to fund specific projects. "},{"type":"Writer","function":"Profession/ Role","gloss":"All those listed as \"writers\" published pieces in the popular or scholarly press."},{"type":"Member of salon","function":"Relational web","gloss":"This phrase refers to those who spent time on Mabel Dodge's property in Taos either before or after the period depicted in the memoir."},{"type":"Associated with Franz Boas or Columbia University","function":"Relational web","gloss":"Franz Boas was the best known representative of the community coming out of Columbia University who pushed against prevailing eugenicist theories in anthropology. He recruited international students, including Manuel Gamio, who absorbed his ideas and applied them to the political and social realities of their home countries. "},{"type":"In action of text","function":"Relational web","gloss":"These are people who are in the activity of the memoir, either as part of the party or as participants in the concert."},{"type":"Friend","function":"Relational web","gloss":"These are close members of Mabel Dodge's circle, as indicated by the memoir or secondary source material. "}]},{"name":"Madame Roux","places":[],"image":"","notes":"<p>\nVery little is known about Madame Roux, the owner and manager of the San Angel Inn during the early 20th century, apart from what can been gleaned from Mabel Dodge's text. We know, for example, that she was married to a Mexican man and that her family helped her run the business. It appears that she ran the San Angel Inn for several decades, from the 1910s through at least the 1930s, but beyond that I can find very little about her or her business. \n</p> ","descriptors":[{"type":"In action of text","function":"Relational web","gloss":"These are people who are in the activity of the memoir, either as part of the party or as participants in the concert."}]},{"name":"José Manuel Puig Casauranc","places":["Mexico City"],"image":"","notes":"<p>\nJosé Manuel Puig Casaurac first gained national prominence in Mexico when he managed Plutarco Elías Calles's presidential campaign in 1924. When Calles took power he appointed Puig Head of the Ministry of Education, a post he held until 1928. From 1929-1930 he served as Head of the Department of the Federal District before returning as Head of the Ministry of Education in 1930-1931, during the period described in the memoir.\n</p>\n<p>\nBecause Mabel Dodge was writing in the mid-1940s, she would have known that Puig went on to become a diplomat, serving as Ambassador in the U.S. and Argentina, as well as Secretary of Foreign Affairs. During that period Puig was an outspoken critic of U.S. involvement in Mexican affairs.\n</p>","descriptors":[{"type":"Referenced in text","function":"Relational web","gloss":"These are people who are referenced in the text but do not actually appear in the activity of the text. "}]},{"name":"Frances Toor","places":["Mexico City","New York, New York"],"image":"toor_f.jpeg","notes":"<p>\nFrances Toor was trained as an anthropologist and folklorist with an M.A. from University of California, Berkley. In 1922 she moved to Mexico City and began studying the people and culture around her, including remote Native communities as well as contemporary urban life. She became integrated into the transnational community of artists and thinkers gathering in Mexico City during the post-Revolutionary years. \n</p>\n<p>\nIn 1925 she began a bilingual \"little\" magazine, <i>Mexican Folkways</i>. Typical issues of the magazine combined anthropological or ethnographic studies written for a popular audience with photographs, drawings, poetry, and songs. Toor was especially attuned to festivals and other large, multifaceted cultural celebrations. From the beginning, she aligned herself and the magazine with Manuel Gamio's <i>indigenismo</i>, which postulated that the post-Revolutionary state depended on the simultaneous integration of Native populations (through education) with celebration of their culture, including artisan goods, music, dancing, mythology, and ancient past.\n</p>\n<p>\nMost of the editors and contributors to <i>Mexican Folkways</i> were part of the transnational community depicted in Mabel Dodge's memoir. Contributors included, Diego Rivera, Alfonso Caso, Miguel Othón de Mendizábal, Salvador Novo, Miguel Covarrubias, Manuel Ponce, Tata Nacho, Jean Charlot, Anita Brenner, Elsie Clews Parsons, Carleton Beals, Tina Modotti, and, as seen here, Concha Michel. Although she frequently featured others as writers, Frances Toor published some of her own studies in the pages of the magazine, and these remain foundational in the study of Mexican culture. Over its years of publication, Toor scraped together funding from a variety of sources, including the Mexican government, subscribers, and donors in the U.S. Despite the magazine's beauty and its dedicated readership, it finally folded in 1931.\n</p>\n<p>\nAround the same time that Mabel Dodge was writing her memoir about her travels in Mexico, Toor was compiling the <i>Treasury of Mexican Folkways</i>, which was published in 1947. It was one of a number of similar books by U.S. authors reflecting on 1920s Mexico. Similarly Frank Tannenbaum’s <i>Mexico: The Struggle for Peace and Bread</i> was published in 1950, and Anita Brenner’s <i>The Wind that Swept Mexico</i> was published in 1943. \n</p>","descriptors":[{"type":"Feminist","function":"Philosophy","gloss":"Most of the women featured in <i>Whirling Around Mexico</i>, including Mabel Dodge, were born in the decades before the turn of the 20th century and grew to rebel against the strictures of their gendered upbringings. Each of them pursued public lives that extended far beyond the bounds of home and family. Ida Rauh was an actress. Frances Toor and Elsie Clews Parsons were anthropologists. Concha Michel was a singer and song collector. Emma Goldman was a speaker and anarchist. All of them were activists for various causes, many related to social and sexual freedoms. As with other philosophical stances, not every person marked as feminist always claimed the label; I use it here to indicate a strong relationship to causes associated with gender equality."},{"type":"Indigenismo","function":"Philosophy","gloss":"<i>Indigenismo</i> is a philosophical stance closely associated with Manuel Gamio and his book <i>Forjando patria</i>. It celebrates the preconquest history and cultural contributions of native people in Mexico and proposes to shape a unifying national mythology around select native stories, ideas, and practices. Simultaneously it invites native people to join the national imaginary through integration. Through Gamio's leadership in the Mexican government, the creation and indoctrination of this new national story occurred largely through arts, cultural institutions, and public schooling. "},{"type":"Employed by Mexican Government","function":"Profession/ Role","gloss":"The period depicted in the memoir was one of continuing political instability and financial difficulty in Mexico. Some of those listed derived their main income from the Mexican government for a period proximate to the events detailed in <i>Whirling Around Mexico</i>, like Moisés Sáenz. Others, like Frances Toor, received small stipends for a short amount of time to fund specific projects. "},{"type":"Anthropologist","function":"Profession/ Role","gloss":"Here the term \"anthropologist\" is applied to anyone who studied culture and cultural production."},{"type":"Writer","function":"Profession/ Role","gloss":"All those listed as \"writers\" published pieces in the popular or scholarly press."},{"type":"Scholar","function":"Profession/ Role","gloss":"In this case scholar refers to someone who researches and writes on a specific topic, rather than a person with a certain degree or professional position. "},{"type":"Associated with Franz Boas or Columbia University","function":"Relational web","gloss":"Franz Boas was the best known representative of the community coming out of Columbia University who pushed against prevailing eugenicist theories in anthropology. He recruited international students, including Manuel Gamio, who absorbed his ideas and applied them to the political and social realities of their home countries. "},{"type":"In action of text","function":"Relational web","gloss":"These are people who are in the activity of the memoir, either as part of the party or as participants in the concert."}]},{"name":"Joseph-Maurice Ravel","places":[],"image":"Maurice_Ravel_1925.jpeg","notes":"<p>\nJoseph-Maurice Ravel was a French composer known for an impressionist style that used unexpected harmonies and timbres.  In <i>Whirling Around Mexico</i> Mabel Dodge recounts hearing Ravel's <i>Daphnis et Chloé</i> conducted by Chávez and performed by the Orquesta Sinfónica de México on a program that also included Chávez's own <i>Los cuatro soles</i>. The version of <i>Daphnis et Chloé</i> presented at the concert was an arrangement of a ballet Ravel wrote for the Ballet Russes. Similarly, <i>Los cuatro soles</i> was intended as a ballet, but performed on this program as an orchestral work.  \n</p>\n<p>\nAlmost certainly Chávez programmed them together as a way of stating his ambitions to stage a ballet. Frances Flynn Paine had arranged Stokowski's visit to Mexico in part to foster a relationship between the U.S. conductor and the Mexican composer in the hopes that Stokowski would arrange to premiere one of Chávez's ballets. In 1932, Stokowski conducted the premiere of Chávez's <i>Horsepower</i>, a collaboration with Diego Rivera.\n</p>\n<p>\nIn pairing his own work with that of Ravel, Chávez was aligning himself with French modernism, an aesthetic position he continued to claim for much of his career. The French modernists developed their style in part as a reaction to and against Wagner. Therefore when Mabel Dodge observes the difference between the pieces Chávez conducted and the unidentified Wagner piece Stokowski conducted in the second half of the program, she is alluding to that stylistic break and positioning Chávez as a forward-facing composer-director. \n</p>","descriptors":[{"type":"Referenced in text","function":"Relational web","gloss":"These are people who are referenced in the text but do not actually appear in the activity of the text. "}]},{"name":"Ida Rauh","places":["New York, New York","Taos, New Mexico","Mexico City"],"image":"Ida_Rauh_portrait.jpeg","notes":"<p>\nIda Rauh was a close friend of Mabel Dodge. They first became acquainted through their mutual affiliation with the Provincetown Players, a theatre troop organized out of the Greenwich Village salon. At that time, Mabel Dodge was dating writer and activist John Reed, who wrote and starred in several of plays produced by the Provincetown Players. Rauh was also one of the core members of the troop, acting in many of their productions, including the plays of Eugene O'Neill, who first reached audiences through the Provincetown Players. Like many others in the troop, Rauh was involved in progressive political causes such as women's suffrage and the right to organize. Nonetheless, she is one of those figures more prominent in the primary source literature than in the scholarship about the period. In addition to accompanying Mabel Dodge through the pages of <i>Whirling Around Mexico</i>, Rauh shows up in Carl Van Vechten's diary entries and the papers of the Provincetown Players. \n</p>","descriptors":[{"type":"Feminist","function":"Philosophy","gloss":"Most of the women featured in <i>Whirling Around Mexico</i>, including Mabel Dodge, were born in the decades before the turn of the 20th century and grew to rebel against the strictures of their gendered upbringings. Each of them pursued public lives that extended far beyond the bounds of home and family. Ida Rauh was an actress. Frances Toor and Elsie Clews Parsons were anthropologists. Concha Michel was a singer and song collector. Emma Goldman was a speaker and anarchist. All of them were activists for various causes, many related to social and sexual freedoms. As with other philosophical stances, not every person marked as feminist always claimed the label; I use it here to indicate a strong relationship to causes associated with gender equality."},{"type":"Communist sympathies (known)","function":"Philosophy","gloss":"In the post-Cold War environment of the 2020s, \"communism\" retains an indelible connection to Stalin's totalitarian government. In 1930, the term did not have such a fixed or negative connotation, and in the midst of a global depression and a growing workers rights movement, communism and the set of ideas associated with it were at their height of popularity in both the U.S. and Mexico. Several of those listed in this category were never communist party members and would later renounce their affiliation. More than those listed entertained ideas associated with communism but did not become politically active. But despite the difficulty in providing a fixed definition or a definite personnel list, communist ideas were influential on the people and activities described in Mabel Dodge's memoir."},{"type":"Associated with Franz Boas or Columbia University","function":"Relational web","gloss":"Franz Boas was the best known representative of the community coming out of Columbia University who pushed against prevailing eugenicist theories in anthropology. He recruited international students, including Manuel Gamio, who absorbed his ideas and applied them to the political and social realities of their home countries. "},{"type":"Member of salon","function":"Relational web","gloss":"This phrase refers to those who spent time on Mabel Dodge's property in Taos either before or after the period depicted in the memoir."},{"type":"In action of text","function":"Relational web","gloss":"These are people who are in the activity of the memoir, either as part of the party or as participants in the concert."},{"type":"Friend","function":"Relational web","gloss":"These are close members of Mabel Dodge's circle, as indicated by the memoir or secondary source material. "}]},{"name":"John Davey","places":[],"image":"","notes":"<p>\nJohn Davey is mentioned only briefly in the text. Unfortunately because his name is common and because there is no obvious candidate in Mabel Dodge's known circle, I am unable to identify this individual.\n</p>","descriptors":[{"type":"Referenced in text","function":"Relational web","gloss":"These are people who are referenced in the text but do not actually appear in the activity of the text. "}]},{"name":"Leopold Stokowski","places":["New York, New York","Mexico City","Taos, New Mexico","Philadelphia"],"image":"Leopold_Stokowski_ca._1932.jpg","notes":"<p>\nLeopold Stokowski may be best known as the conductor featured in Disney's <i>Fantasia</i>(1940), but in the early 1930s, his primary role was as director of the Philadelphia Orchestra. There he developed a reputation as an adventurous conductor with a taste for new and innovative music, and a flair for self-promotion. \n</p>\n<p>\nHis visit to Mexico in 1930 was acutely followed in the Mexican press, a fact alluded to in <i>Whirling Around Mexico</i> when Madame Roux catches a reporter hiding behind a tree. During the trip, Stokowski performed as a guest conductor of Orquesta Sinfónica de México, the ensemble Carlos Chávez directed. In addition France Flynn Payne, acting as Chávez's manager/ promoter, arranged for Stokowski to hear the composer's music, including <i>H.P.</i>, the ballet Stokowski would premiere in 1932. After the visit to Mexico, Stokowski continued his friendship with Mabel Dodge Luhan as well, frequenting her salon in Taos in order to hide from the press during his affair with Greta Garbo. \n</p>","descriptors":[{"type":"Performer","function":"Profession/ Role","gloss":"These are people who either perform in the context of the memoir or who perform as part of their professional identity beyond the memoir."},{"type":"Member of salon","function":"Relational web","gloss":"This phrase refers to those who spent time on Mabel Dodge's property in Taos either before or after the period depicted in the memoir."},{"type":"In action of text","function":"Relational web","gloss":"These are people who are in the activity of the memoir, either as part of the party or as participants in the concert."},{"type":"Friend","function":"Relational web","gloss":"These are close members of Mabel Dodge's circle, as indicated by the memoir or secondary source material. "}]},{"name":"Emma (Goldman?)","places":[],"image":"","notes":"<p>\nIn her account of a conversation with Frances Toor, Mabel Dodge alludes to an \"Emma,\" as an author visiting Mexico to write a book. It is possible that the name refers to Emma Goldman, the anarchist and feminist who was part of Mabel Dodge's circle in Greenwich Village. Goldman was an accomplished speaker and writer who lived in many different countries, but it appears she did not live in Mexico or write about it. Goldman did publish a memoir in 1931, <i>Living My Life</i>. For all these reasons, it is unclear whether Mabel Dodge intended to refer to Goldman or whether she is referring to another unidentified \"Emma\" in her comment.\n</p>","descriptors":[{"type":"Communist sympathies (known)","function":"Philosophy","gloss":"In the post-Cold War environment of the 2020s, \"communism\" retains an indelible connection to Stalin's totalitarian government. In 1930, the term did not have such a fixed or negative connotation, and in the midst of a global depression and a growing workers rights movement, communism and the set of ideas associated with it were at their height of popularity in both the U.S. and Mexico. Several of those listed in this category were never communist party members and would later renounce their affiliation. More than those listed entertained ideas associated with communism but did not become politically active. But despite the difficulty in providing a fixed definition or a definite personnel list, communist ideas were influential on the people and activities described in Mabel Dodge's memoir."},{"type":"Member of salon","function":"Relational web","gloss":"This phrase refers to those who spent time on Mabel Dodge's property in Taos either before or after the period depicted in the memoir."},{"type":"Referenced in text","function":"Relational web","gloss":"These are people who are referenced in the text but do not actually appear in the activity of the text. "}]},{"name":"Frances Flynn Paine","places":["New York, New York","Mexico City"],"image":"FF Paine.jpeg","notes":"<p>\nLike Mabel Dodge Luhan, Frances Flynn Paine was one of the women who created the Modernist movement in the U.S. as we know it today. She was particularly involved in the cultural exchanges between the U.S. and Mexico during the 1920s and 1930s. Most famously Paine acted as an agent and advocate for the Rockefeller family in their interests in Mexican art and artisan goods, arranging many of the commissions of Diego Rivera's paintings for the Rockefellers. \n</p>\n<p>\nThe trip she took to Mexico with Stokowksi that is described in <i>Whirling Around Mexico</i> was officially organized by the Mexican Arts Association, a group Paine founded to encourage the promotion of Mexican culture in the U.S. At the time Paine was working as Chávez's manager in the U.S., and it is clear from correspondence with Chávez that she was intent on using the visit to encourage Stokowski to perform some of  Chávez's work. In this regard, the visit was a success. Stokowski led the Philadelphia Orchestra in the premiere of Chávez's <i>H.P.</i> in March of 1932. \n</p>","descriptors":[{"type":"Indigenismo","function":"Philosophy","gloss":"<i>Indigenismo</i> is a philosophical stance closely associated with Manuel Gamio and his book <i>Forjando patria</i>. It celebrates the preconquest history and cultural contributions of native people in Mexico and proposes to shape a unifying national mythology around select native stories, ideas, and practices. Simultaneously it invites native people to join the national imaginary through integration. Through Gamio's leadership in the Mexican government, the creation and indoctrination of this new national story occurred largely through arts, cultural institutions, and public schooling. "},{"type":"Writer","function":"Profession/ Role","gloss":"All those listed as \"writers\" published pieces in the popular or scholarly press."},{"type":"In action of text","function":"Relational web","gloss":"These are people who are in the activity of the memoir, either as part of the party or as participants in the concert."},{"type":"Friend of friend","function":"Relational web","gloss":"These are people who are present in the memoir primarily as close friends of others rather than of Mabel Dodge. "}]},{"name":"Elsie Clews Parsons","places":["Mexico City","Taos, New Mexico","New York, New York"],"image":"elsie clews parsons.jpeg","notes":"<p>\nElsie Clews Parsons was an anthropologist, sociologist, and feminist with a Ph.D. from Columbia University (1899). Over time she developed a speciality in observing and writing about Native communities in the U.S. Southwest and Mexico, publishing books studying the Hopi, Zuni, Tewa, and Pueblo Nations. As a woman from an upper-crust New York family, Clews Parsons accomplishments were both rare and rebellious. Her first writings chronicled her rejection of societal norms and advocacy for trial marriages; her first book so scandalized the society of the day, she wrote two subsequent books under a male pseudonym. \n</p>\n<p>\nLike Mabel Dodge, Elsie Clews Parsons was an upper-class woman born in the 1870s who rebelled against her upbringing through travel and sexual experimentation. When they met in Greenwich Village during Mabel Dodge's years there, the two women shared a past upbringing, a current redirection in contrast to that upbringing, and a future fascination with the Southwest and Mexico. As indicated in the memoir, their acquaintance continued through the Mexico travels, and beyond them.\n</p>\n<p>\nParsons also shares with many of the more central characters in the memoir an association with Franz Boas. She, like him, was instrumental in dismantling the eugenicist model of anthropology in favor of something somewhat more open-minded. Although her writings display academic rigor entirely absent from Mabel Dodge's work, all three suggested other ways of life had something to teach Eurocentric society, and if applied correctly, might recalibrate societal norms. \n</p>","descriptors":[{"type":"Feminist","function":"Philosophy","gloss":"Most of the women featured in <i>Whirling Around Mexico</i>, including Mabel Dodge, were born in the decades before the turn of the 20th century and grew to rebel against the strictures of their gendered upbringings. Each of them pursued public lives that extended far beyond the bounds of home and family. Ida Rauh was an actress. Frances Toor and Elsie Clews Parsons were anthropologists. Concha Michel was a singer and song collector. Emma Goldman was a speaker and anarchist. All of them were activists for various causes, many related to social and sexual freedoms. As with other philosophical stances, not every person marked as feminist always claimed the label; I use it here to indicate a strong relationship to causes associated with gender equality."},{"type":"Anthropologist","function":"Profession/ Role","gloss":"Here the term \"anthropologist\" is applied to anyone who studied culture and cultural production."},{"type":"Writer","function":"Profession/ Role","gloss":"All those listed as \"writers\" published pieces in the popular or scholarly press."},{"type":"Scholar","function":"Profession/ Role","gloss":"In this case scholar refers to someone who researches and writes on a specific topic, rather than a person with a certain degree or professional position. "},{"type":"Associated with Franz Boas or Columbia University","function":"Relational web","gloss":"Franz Boas was the best known representative of the community coming out of Columbia University who pushed against prevailing eugenicist theories in anthropology. He recruited international students, including Manuel Gamio, who absorbed his ideas and applied them to the political and social realities of their home countries. "},{"type":"Friend of friend","function":"Relational web","gloss":"These are people who are present in the memoir primarily as close friends of others rather than of Mabel Dodge. "}]},{"name":"Mary Doherty","places":[],"image":"","notes":"<p>\nMary Doherty is referred to as \"Moisés Saénz's secretary\". No additional information is provided or known about her. \n</p>","descriptors":[{"type":"Referenced in text","function":"Relational web","gloss":"These are people who are referenced in the text but do not actually appear in the activity of the text. "}]},{"name":"Tony Luhan","places":["Taos, New Mexico","Mexico City"],"image":"Tony.jpeg","notes":"<p>\nMuch of what we know about Antonio Lujan or Tony Luhan is mediated through Mabel Dodge Luhan's writing, so it can be hard to fully understand Tony Luhan's point of view. We do know that he was an established local musician before Mabel Dodge came to Taos, and that he functioned as go-between for Anglos wanting to visit or learn more about the Pueblo Nation. \n</p>\n<p>\nAccording to Mabel Dodge, Tony Luhan pursued a relationship with her ardently, stationing himself outside her doorstep to woo her. Certainly marrying Mabel Dodge required sacrifice on Tony Luhan's part, as he had to forfeit his role in the Nation to live outside Pueblo land and customs with her.  \n</p>\n<p>\nTony was not a fully participating member of the salon culture Mable Dodge cultivated at her home in Taos, as <i>Whirling Around Mexico</i> demonstrates. For example, he expresses hesitation about performing, which Mabel ignores entirely. The multiple drafts of the end of the manuscript show that Mabel and Tony had contested visions about the meaning of their travels in Mexico. In addition, Tony was not a man of letters and, according to Mabel, repeatedly expressed skepticism about Mabel's ways of knowing. \n</p>","descriptors":[{"type":"Composer","function":"Profession/ Role","gloss":"This term is applied to anyone who wrote and presented original music, either in publication or in performance."},{"type":"Performer","function":"Profession/ Role","gloss":"These are people who either perform in the context of the memoir or who perform as part of their professional identity beyond the memoir."},{"type":"Member of salon","function":"Relational web","gloss":"This phrase refers to those who spent time on Mabel Dodge's property in Taos either before or after the period depicted in the memoir."},{"type":"In action of text","function":"Relational web","gloss":"These are people who are in the activity of the memoir, either as part of the party or as participants in the concert."},{"type":"Friend","function":"Relational web","gloss":"These are close members of Mabel Dodge's circle, as indicated by the memoir or secondary source material. "}]},{"name":"Bronson M. Cutting","places":["Taos, New Mexico"],"image":"128px-Bronson_M__Cutting.jpg","notes":"<p>\nBronson M. Cutting first served as Senator of New Mexico as an appointed vacancy replacement from December 1927 until December 1928. He was subsequently elected to fill the seat for a full 6-year term beginning in March 1929. He was elected to a second term starting in 1935. \n</p>\n<p>\nCutting moved to New Mexico in 1910 after graduating from Harvard University in an attempt to cure his tuberculosis. He was the scion of an upper-class New York family and, once he began feeling better, he bought a Santa Fe daily newspaper, the <i>New Mexican</i>. \n</p>\n<p>\nBy 1920 he was accruing power in the state, first as a progressive aligned with Theodore Roosevelt, and then as a nominal Republican. Cutting derived political power in part from his alliances with the Hispano population in New Mexico. In this context \"Hispano\" is a cultural term to distinguish Spanish-speaking descendants of Mexicans from members of Native communities (like Tony Luhan), and Anglos, English-speaking descendants of U.S. cultural heritage. These alliances worked differently in New Mexico than in other states because that land was part of Mexico until 1848 and did not gain statehood in the U.S. until 1912.\n</p>\n<p>\n Because Mabel Dodge was frequently involved in various advocacy groups and causes in New Mexico, she would have spent time accessing Cutting's circle. Although they shared a connection to the local newspaper industry and came from a similar wealthy, Victorian, upstate New York background, their interests did not always align. Mabel Dodge saw herself as a bridge between Native and Anglo populations, and an advocate for preservation of the land and Native culture. Cutting combined progressive ideals with a practical approach in support of local farmers and the needs of the agricultural community. Nonetheless here, as elsewhere, Mabel Dodge mentions his name to signal her friendship with Cutting and her ability engage with the New Mexican political system.\n</p>","descriptors":[{"type":"U.S. government official","function":"Profession/ Role","gloss":"This is a person employed full time in a political capacity by the U.S. government. "},{"type":"Referenced in text","function":"Relational web","gloss":"These are people who are referenced in the text but do not actually appear in the activity of the text. "}]},{"name":"Leonora","places":[],"image":"","notes":"<p>\nLeonora is mentioned briefly in the manuscript as Frances Toor's housekeeper; no additional information is available about her.\n</p>","descriptors":[]},{"name":"Don Carlos","places":[],"image":"","notes":"<p>\nMadame Roux's husband\n</p>","descriptors":[{"type":"In action of text","function":"Relational web","gloss":"These are people who are in the activity of the memoir, either as part of the party or as participants in the concert."}]},{"name":"Franz Boas","places":["New York, New York"],"image":"FranzBoas.jpeg","notes":"<p>\nFranz Boas does not appear in Mabel Dodge's memoir, but his personality and ideas flow through her network. Boas taught anthropology at Columbia University. He founded a school of thought called \"cultural relativism,\" which stood in opposition to then popular eugenicist theories ranking races, ethnicities, or nationalities as more or less primitive according to standards developed and implemented by Western Europeans. \n</p>\n<p>\nManuel Gamio was one of Boas's students, and the concept of <i>indigenismo</i> is deeply indebted to Boas. Frances Toor did not study with Boas, but her studies of Mexican culture earned his praise, which, in turn helped her establish expertise in the U.S. Elsie Clews Parsons, and Moisés Sáenz were both affiliated with Columbia University during various stages of their careers and seem to have been influenced by Boas's ideas as well. \n</p>","descriptors":[{"type":"Anthropologist","function":"Profession/ Role","gloss":"Here the term \"anthropologist\" is applied to anyone who studied culture and cultural production."},{"type":"Scholar","function":"Profession/ Role","gloss":"In this case scholar refers to someone who researches and writes on a specific topic, rather than a person with a certain degree or professional position. "},{"type":"Associated with Franz Boas or Columbia University","function":"Relational web","gloss":"Franz Boas was the best known representative of the community coming out of Columbia University who pushed against prevailing eugenicist theories in anthropology. He recruited international students, including Manuel Gamio, who absorbed his ideas and applied them to the political and social realities of their home countries. "},{"type":"Friend of friend","function":"Relational web","gloss":"These are people who are present in the memoir primarily as close friends of others rather than of Mabel Dodge. "}]},{"name":"Diego Rivera","places":["Mexico City","New York, New York"],"image":"Diego_Rivera_1932.jpeg","notes":"<p>\nDiego Rivera was one of the artists most closely associated with the post-revolutionary reforms of José Vasconcelos and Manuel Gamio. The murals he painted through Mexico City during the 1920s and 1930s linked ancient Mexican mythology with mythologized versions of the recent revolution. These large public works implied that the newly formed Mexican State would deliver on their promise of an idyllic post-revolutionary future closely tied to Communist principles. \n</p>\n<p>\nRivera is mentioned only once in the pages represented here, but elsewhere in the memoir Mabel Dodge analyzes his murals in Cortéz Palace, Cuernavaca. Like many his murals elsewhere, these depict the history of the Spanish conquest and juxtapose those conflicts with those of the Mexican revolution. The murals take on special significance because of the location—Hernán Cortéz was the leader of the conquering Spanish army. The murals were commissioned by Dwight Morrow, the U.S. ambassador to Mexico. Although intended as a diplomatic gesture, both the commission and the resulting painting were riven with irony as Morrow spent money gained advocating for U.S. business interests in Mexico to pay Rivera to express anti-imperialist sentiment on the walls of a Spanish conquerer's palace.\n</p>\n<p>\nMabel Dodge's observation that Chávez and Rivera are the \"two greatest living artists\" foreshadows the Mexicans' collaboration on <i>H.P.</i>, the ballet they premiered with the Philadelphia Symphony Orchestra and Opera in 1932. Stokowski directed the production, Chávez wrote the score, and Rivera designed the sets and costumes.\n</p>","descriptors":[{"type":"Referenced in text","function":"Relational web","gloss":"These are people who are referenced in the text but do not actually appear in the activity of the text. "}]},{"name":"Governor Gómez","places":[],"image":"","notes":"<p>\nGovernor Gómez is mentioned in the manuscript only once. No first name is given, and I have been unable to identify this individual. \n</p>","descriptors":[{"type":"Referenced in text","function":"Relational web","gloss":"These are people who are referenced in the text but do not actually appear in the activity of the text. "}]},{"name":"Madeline","places":[],"image":"","notes":"<p>\nMadame Roux's niece\n</p>","descriptors":[{"type":"In action of text","function":"Relational web","gloss":"These are people who are in the activity of the memoir, either as part of the party or as participants in the concert."}]}]},"allLinksJson":{"nodes":[{"source":"Franz Boas","target":"Elsie Clews Parsons","value":1},{"source":"Moisés Sáenz","target":"Frank Tannenbaum","value":1},{"source":"Frances Toor","target":"Concha Michel","value":1},{"source":"Franz Boas","target":"Manuel Gamio","value":1},{"source":"Mabel Dodge Luhan","target":"Bronson M. 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